Merger Between US Airways and American Airlines

Merger Between US Airways and American AirlinesMerger between US Airways and American AirlinesMergers and AcquisitionsOn December 9th, 2013 the two air ducts, US Airways and American Airlines merged to form the American Airline Group that turn surface to be the major(ip) airline in the orb. This fusion was structured by the enlarged competition that airlines argon countenancing in the stock at present. The merger offered a prospect for both(prenominal) airlines to venture use of the benefits of an extensive mesh topology that would effect subsequent to merging as countered to when each one operates separately. unrivalled of the foremost circumstances that encircled the merger was the imminent insolvency of American Airlines. The smart set in 2011 had filed for bankruptcy even though it relapsed to profitability the same course of instruction in July. The merger would enhance admission to opportunities of business for both airlines, particularly American Airlines that wou ld decrease its coverage to financial risks, which were the preliminary grounds for the potbelly filing for bankruptcy. The merger would generate enhanced synergies that would be app arent in the course of increased flexibility and financial strength in the food market (DePamphilis, 2008). separately of the entities merged would have admission to further destinations and bigger clientele. Each of them would admission to a bigger destinations network i.e. 300 destinations all approximately the world. They as nearly had a code share contract where nodes would impeccably platter their flights from any US Airways or American Airlines networks. Such controls are an enhancement to each of the airlines ability and results to bigger business and performance.thither are a variety of positive traits of this merger. One of the major advantages is that both airlines entrust have eminent penetration of market than what they had beforehand. This is since they will be creating on a daily ba sis more than 6,500 flights to higher up 300 destinations in additional than 50 countries all around the lump It effected in enlarged revenues and improved governance of most big routes. The American Airlines Group subsequent to the merger, is a foremost player in the Latin American global market of airline (CAPA center for aviation). using of these prospects shoots to enhanced market performance and surpassing capability to compact with in-your-face pressure. This is since the caller airline companionship, subsequent to the merger, has additional resources at its disposal that direct to superior performance.An additional advantage of the merger is increase and diversification of the products offered by the airline (Boeh Beamish, 2007). Alongside the code sharing contract that permits air travelers to book their trip from any of the websites of company, there is improved access to one world association. This entails the improved opportunities of networking for the airline in the course of business agreements with further players in the industry for instance Iberia, British Airways, and Finnair. It lets the customers additional choices of air travel and memorable experiences of travelling crosswise a superior and more improved network. This develops levels of customer satis incidention and is necessary in developing loyalty of customer.The merger as well generates one of the finest-developed program of loyalty i.e. Advantage (American Airlines, 2014). Customers have superior access to prospect to possess and redeem miles crosswise the joint routes of both airlines. It constructs the customers gain from increased manipulation of opportunities and capabilities in the wider market. It as well results in increased expediency for travelers, ensuing in cost savings.The fresh organizational structure has perceived the Doug Parker retention as the Chief executive director officeholder of the fresh entity. The merger has, consequently, seen the constructi on of simply one chief executives place as opposite to two in have of the fact that each one of these companies had its individual chief executive formerly. There were as well considerable changes in the Board of Directors for the fresh company. The impertinently appointed Board of Directors in unifiedd four representatives of US Airways employees and as well five representatives for creditors of American Airlines. The preceding Boards of the separate entities did non have much(prenominal) representatives.Doug Parker was formerly the chairman and chief executive of US Airways. On the other hand beneath the new position, the chief executive will not be the chairman of the board.The preceding companies in particularly US Airways had a variety of groups that exercised to operate underneath the chief executive. Such groups incorporated corporate affairs, marketing and revenue group, and finance, in addition to the operations groups. However underneath the new corporation, there are no such(prenominal) groups.There were no chief changes in the practices of human resource subsequent to the merger. The fresh company, American Airlines Group, adopted the volume of its human resource strategies from US Airways and maintained the legal age of its top managers. The foremost reason the corporation made no valuable changes in their human resource strategies is owing to reasons of business.They wanted to preserve their combine market share where employees contribute a vital role. They were acquainted with the fact that preserving their existing employees to a certain extent than recruiting new ones would simply give the more forceful worldwide network they had access to. This was reflected in the fresh setup where representatives of employee straightforwardly represented concerns of employee in the board of directors. This was intended at enhancing the satisfaction level of for these workers. This is since advanced levels of satisfaction enhance employee retention levels. The majority of these employees had served a lot of years in both airlines and their knowledge was rattling important for the success of the fresh airline company.The trouble at both companies had instituted that the majority of their non-impressive performances formerly, for instance those in 2011 that made American Airlines file for bankruptcy were primarily owing to callous market conditions. Employees had not added to the underperformance. The merger translation the new entity to huge resources that might facilitate it to triumph over these market challenges. In actual fact the merger was seen as an prospect where the company would present the employees better compensation and benefits for their services (Bainbridge, 2003). It was perceive as a opportunity to close up the boil feuds that had been relentless among the two companies management and labor unions representing workers. This was additional widespread in American airlines than at US Airways. It concludes to union representatives being integrated in the Board of the fresh entity to make certain employee concerns were not looked downward upon.The retention of the majority of the employees and practically a parallel organizational structure is owing to the effectiveness of training such personnel on leadership qualities (Galpin Herndon, 2007). This is since the fresh entity would sustain minimal cost training these employees on facets of leadership in view of the fact that the airline had obtained a bigger global presence, as it turn out to be the biggest in the world. The development of leadership qualities in all its employees is decisive to the utilization of the opportunities offered by the bigger and more composite global market. Such employees are previously familiarized to the internal operations of the airline industry as opposite to new employees that would need substantial spending on stimulus generalization and training.ReferencesAmerican Airlines. (2014). AMR merger investor presentation. Retrieved on 8th March 2014 from http//phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=117098p=irol-irhomeBoeh, K. Beamish, P. (2007). Mergers and acquisitions school text and cases. New York. Sage publications.Bainbridge, S. (2003). Mergers and acquisitions. London. Foundation press.

Neurobiological Mechanisms that Cause Aggression

neurobiological Mechanisms that Cause AggressionReview of the Neurobiological Mechanisms Which Underpin Reactive Aggression in Humans a approximate Look at Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA)Module 1 Prosocial and antisocial doingss cross commissions the lifespanViolent acts have a significant toll on gentlemans gentleman societies annually over 1.6 million deaths worldwide occur repayable(p) to human violence (Viding Frith, 2006). Although acts of antagonism have an important adaptive purpose, when overexpressed, they whitethorn result in destructive consequences. Conventionally, antagonism has been defined as an lettered action with a purpose to inflict physical damage on another individual (Nelson Trainor, 2007). Currently two forms of encroachment have been accepted in humans controlled incursion instrumental subtype, and bring outd aggression instinctive subtype (Vatiello Stoff, 1997). Instrumental aggression, also referred to as premeditated and predatory, is agent rally planned and goal-oriented and has very oft been linked to psychopathy (Blair, 2001). This kind of aggression is thought to be regulate primarily by higher cortical systems and is characterized by diminished corpus amygdaloideum response (Nelson Trainor, 2007). Reactive aggression on the other hand, is dependent on the limbic and hypothalamic systems, and is characterized by high autonomic arousal (Siever, 2008). willing aggression generally represents a direct response to stimuli and storys for the majority of flushed acts. Individuals with borderline personality disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or ADHD atomic number 18 particularly pr star to reactive aggression and impulsivity. foregoing question on the neurobiology of aggression stopovered out that for such individuals, repetitive acts of aggression are lots influenced by the underlying neurobiological susceptibility (Nelson Trainor, 2007). Indeed, one remarkable have got of aggression is its apparen t heritability. Twin and adoption studies suggest that genic factors eyeshade for betwixt 40% and 50% of population variance in guess of antisocial aggression (Buckholtz Meyer-Lindenberg, 2008). However, the blood amidst aggression and the underlying neurobiology is furthest from being simple (Nelson Trainor, 2007 Siever, 2008).Previous research in individuals prone to impulsivity and reactive aggression as salutary as a number of studies establish on animal models identified numerous genetic loci and neurotransmitters associated with reactive violence, including, unless not limited to, Dopaminergic genes (DRD4, DRD5, and DAT1), Serotonergic genes (5HTT, HTR1B), and genes creditworthy for encoding enzymes involved in regularization the levels of these neurotransmitters, particularly catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), often referred to as the warrior gene. However, the railroad tie between genotype and phenotype of aggression is only beg inning to be properly mum (Caspi, McClay, Moffitt, Mill, Martin, Craig, Taylor, Poulton, 2002 Nelson Trainor, 2007 Siever, 2008). While there have been umpteen studies showing the connexion between different genes and aggression, results were often mixed and inconclusive. Currently, the best candidate gene with the nearly supportive evidence appears to be Monoamine Oxidase A (see Brunner, Nelen, Breakefield, Ropers, van Oost, 1993 Byrd Manuck, 2014 Cases, Seif, Grimsby, Gaspar, Chen, Pournin, Muller, et al.,1995 Caspi, et al., 2002).The MAOA gene, located on the X chromosome, is a functional polymorphism with high use (MAOA-H) and embarrassed action at law (MAOA-L) variants, which encodes the MAOA enzyme, responsible for breaking-down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline (Shih, Chen, Ridd, 1999 Viding Frith, 2006). Previous research using animal models as well as humans exhibit an association between aggression and genetic deficiency in MAOA activity (Rowe, 2001). Transgenic mice without the gene encoding MAOA had higher amounts of brain serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE), and displayed increase aggression (Cases, et al., 1995). After restoring MAOA activity, mice aggression was stabilized (Shih Thompson, 1999). In humans, point mutation in the MAOA gene led to MAOA deficiency and was found to be associated with reactive aggression in several men from the Dutch family. Moreover, crosswise generations, these men with MAOA knockout also showed frequent violent outbursts, particularly in response to mild provocation, and impulsive antisocial behaviour such as assault, rape, and attempted murder. (Brunner, et al., 1993). This condition, however, is quite uncommon and is unlikely to explain much rendering in human violence and aggression.Findings of the studies that only looked at levels of MAOA activity and antisocial outcomes in adulthood have been mixed and thus problematic to date since two MAOA -H and MAOA-L were linked to reactive aggression (Ficks Waldman, 2014 Nelson Trainor, 2007 Siever, 2008). The think that produced very naughty findings in that area and has later proven seminal was conducted by Caspi and colleagues (2002). This study was the first to look at the solutions of MAOA activity in compounding with puerility revilement on reactive aggression in adulthood. Indeed, perverse puerility experiences were found to affect the development and functioning of neuronal pathways involving the neurotransmitters metabolised by MAOA which can potentially result in increased aggression (Caspi, et al., 2002). Thus, Caspi and colleagues (2002) hypothesised that puerility maltreatment can predict reactive aggression in adulthood, and that this affinity is moderated by levels of MAOA expression.Results of this study demonstrated the dose-response piece of childhood maltreatment on the aggressive behaviour in adulthood, which was consistent with prior findings. Howe ver, this effect was much smaller in participants with the high-activity version of the MAOA gene as compared to men with pocket-size MAOA activity, suggesting the protective property of MAOA-H (Caspi et al, 2002). Moreover, as levels of maltreatment increased, so did the protective effect of the MAOA-H variant. A pitiful-activity MAOA gene combined with a history of childhood maltreatment increased the risk of aggressive behaviour in adulthood s neverthelessfold. These results back up the predicted hypothesis that MAOA activity would act as a moderator of the effects of childhood maltreatment on antisocial outcomes in adulthood.This study paved the way to a number of subsequent studies looking at gene and surroundings interaction. A recently published meta-analysis, which looked at 27 peer- check intoed studies on unbecoming childhood experiences, MAOA genotype, and aggressive and antisocial behaviour showed that results across 20 male person cohorts (11064 participants) were largely consistent with findings from the original study by Caspi and colleagues (2002) (Byrd Manuck, 2014). These findings remained robust even after removing each study individually.However, the question remains, how does low activity MAOA gene in combination with childhood stressors translate to antisocial behaviours in adulthood? Several theories have been proposed to answer this question. On one hand, the association between low activity MAOA gene and aggression appears paradoxical, since MAOA-L leads to increased levels of serotonin, which has been found to be positively chargedly correlated with impulse control and negatively correlated with aggression (Manuch, Flory, Ferrell, Mann, Muldoon, 2000 Siever, 2008). However, MAOA also plays a role in regulating dopamine and norepinephrine, which were shown to refuse thresholds for violent response to perceived threat (Manuch, et al., 2000). High levels of DA and NE, resulting from MAOA dysfunction, would activate a fight or fl ight response, and indirectly enhance aggression (Volavka, Bilder, Nolan, 2004). Indeed, previous studies showed a similar association between COMT gene (also responsible for breakdown of NE and DA) and aggression (Siever, 2007 Volavka, et al., 2004). Therefore the elevated levels of NE and DA, due to low expression of MAOA, would be consistent with the results of previous studies, showing an association between low activity MAOA gene and aggression. Nevertheless, this theory does not account for the role of childhood maltreatment on aggression, and as it was mentioned previously, results of studies looking whole at MAOA activity and aggression are mixed and inconclusive, showing both high and low activity MAOA gene being associated with impulsive aggression (Ficks Waldman, 2014 Nelson Trainor, 2007 Siever, 2008).Another theory that sheds more light on the mechanism by means of which MAOA deficiency in combination with childhood maltreatment influences aggression in adulthood relies on the findings that high concentrations of intracellular serotonin have been associated with increased reactivity to stress and elevated anxiety (Seif De Maeyer, 1999, Viding Frith, 2006). Therefore, it is possible that MAOA deficiency efficacy predispose individuals to spooky hyper-reactivity to a threat (maltreatment). While genetic sensitivity alone rarely results in adverse outcomes in adulthood, when combined with childhood stressors, it might potentially have consequences on brain function (Meyer-Lindenberg, Buckholtz, Kolachana, Hariri, Pezawas, Blasi, Wabnitz, et al., 2006). Previous findings in populations prone to impulsive violence demonstrated functional and geomorphological abnormalities in brain areas associated with perception and pattern of emotions, particularly in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and the merged regions (Davidson, Putnam, Larson, 2000). Neuropsychological functions associated with these brain regions were also compromised in the af orementioned populations (Blair, Peschardt, Budhani, Mitchell, Pine, 2006). Previous campaign using animal models and clinic samples seems to suggest that maltreatment negatively affects the functioning of the neural structures involved during an individuals reaction to threat (i.e., pariaquaductal gray and amygdala) and the regulation of the triggered threat response (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate). Therefore, the genetic risk (MAOA-L) along with childhood maltreatment may result in deepens to brain function, and later increases the risk of impulsive aggression (Viding Frith, 2006).These speculations imply that there is no one clear explanation for the findings we currently have regarding genetic variation and its effect on aggression. The human brain and the effects of genetic and environmental factors on its development are too complex to assume that one specialized gene, or neurotransmitter levels are responsible for aggression. More likely, it is the g radual change in neural pathways that regulate aggression. As of this moment, it hush remains unclear if aggression in adulthood that is observed in many of the aforementioned studies is due to developmental change in neural circuits or to a change in neurotransmitter function. Moreover, the effects of these changes for adults are very different than for children. Therefore, it is possible that low MAOA activity resulted in compensatory changes which transformed the organisation of the nervous system in children during the sensitive period of brain development, and was later reflected in antisocial outcomes in adulthood (Lesch Merschdorf, 2000).Attempts to replicate Caspi et. al. (2002) findings in female populations yielded importantly different results. fresh meta-analysis that looked at 11 studies with female samples produced inconclusive results even though MAOA activity had a significant association with adverse childhood events, high, as contradictory to low, MAOA activity in combination with childhood maltreatment was associated with antisocial behaviour in adulthood. Moreover, this interaction was weaker, and after removing a few individual studies, it befuddled its significance (Byrd Manuck, 2014). Replicating Caspi and colleagues study using female cohorts has proven to be significantly more complicated for two main reasons. First of all, dividing females into two groups base on MAOA activity is challenging due to uncertain inactivation of heterozygous alleles. Secondly, severe personality disorders and antisocial outcomes are quite rare in women, thus it is difficult to get a large enough sample to demonstrate dose-response relationships. In sum, taking into account findings from previous studies it is unclear what relationship MAOA activity plays in antisocial outcomes in women, and calls for further investigation (Caspi, et al., 2002 Byrd Manuck, 2014).In attempts to understand the relationship between genes, environment, and aggression, t he study by Caspi and colleagues (2002), as well as numerous studies that came out afterward, certainly advanced our understanding in the field. However, it is important to point out the limitations that characterise many of the research studies investigate the relationship between gene-environment interaction and adult antisocial behaviour. First of all, deficiency of published articles reporting null findings due to publication bias still remains a big problem in the field. As a result, published findings seem more robust than they actually are (Duncane Keller, 2011). Secondly, the samples of many studies, primarily those with female subjects, are often too small resulting in inadequate statistical power (Byrk Manuck, 2014). Indeed, negative findings had larger sample sizes compared to positive ones. These limitations make it difficult to correct for potential false-positive results (Duncan Keller, 2011). This is especially the case in replication attempts using female popula tions, and in neuroimaging studies. Finally, due to the difficulty recruiting participants for these studies, samples are often not easily comparable and consist of individuals with many comorbid psychiatrical conditions, making it difficult to tease apart effects of certain genetic variations and maltreatment on specific psychopathology (McCrory, DeBrito, Viding, 2010).While there is good evidence to suggest that genotype, particularly variants of the Monoamine Oxidase A gene, in combination with childhood maltreatment, plays an important role in reactive aggression in human adulthood, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aforementioned controversies call for discretion when making any strong conclusions regarding the effects of genetic variation on antisocial outcomes. Further research, including longitudinal studies, genome-wide association studies, gene-environment-sex and gene-gene interaction studies, and neuroimaging studies, is necessary to bettor understa nd the underlying neurobiological mechanisms which underpin reactive aggression in humans.ReferencesBlair, R. J. (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and psychological medicine, 71, 727-731.Blair, R. J. R., Peschardt, K. S., Budhani, S., Mitchell, D. G., Pine, D. S. J. (2006). The development of psychopathy. Journal of Chid. Psychology and Psychiatry and allied disciplines, 47(3-4), 262-276.Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H., van Oost, B. A. (1993). Abnormal behaviour associated with point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262(5133), 578-580.Buckholtz J. W. Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAO and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends in Neuroscience, 31(3), 120-129.Byrd, A. L. Manuck, S. B. (2014). MAOA, childishness Maltreatment, and Antisocial Behavior Meta-analysis of a gene-Environment Interaction. Biologi cal Psychiatry, 75(1), 9-17.Cases, O., Seif, I., Grimsby, J., Gaspar, P., Chen, K., Pournin, S., Muller, U., et al. (1995). Aggressive behaviour and adapted amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice macking MAOA. Science, 268(5218), 1763-1766.Caspi, A., McClay, J. Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., Poulton, R. (2002). Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children. Science, 297(2), 851-853.Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., Larson, C. L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation- a possible prelude to violence. Science, 289(5479), 591-594.Duncan, L. Keller, M. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1041-1049.Ficks, C. Waldman, I. (2014). Candidate Genes for Aggression and Antisocial Behavior A Meta-analysis of Association Studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR. Behavioral Genetics, 44( 5), 427-444.Lesch, K. P. Merschdorf, U. (2000). Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin A molecular psychobiological perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 581-604.Manuch, S. B., Flory, J. D., Ferrell, R. E., Mann, J. J., Muldoon, M. F. (2000). A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase- A gene may be association with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry search, 95, 9-23.McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., Viding, E. (2010). Research Review The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1079-1095.Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J. W., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., Wabnitz, A., Honea, R., Verchinski, B., Callicott, J., et al. (2006). neuronic mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. legal proceeding of Natlional honorary society of Sciences of the linked States of America, 103(16 ), 6269-6274.Nelson, R. J., Trainor, B. C. (2007). Neural mechanisms of aggression. Nature, 8, 536-546.Shih J. C. Thompson, R. F. (1999). Monoamine oxidase in neuropsychiatry and behaviour. American Journal of Human Genetics, 65(3), 593-598.Seif, I. De Maeyer, E. (1999). Knockout command Knockout mice for monoamine oxidase A. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 241-243.Shih, J. C., Chen, K., Ridd, M. J. (1999). Monoamine Oxidase from genes to behaviour. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 11, 197-217.Siever, L. J. (2008). Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 429-442.Vatiello, B., Stoff, D. M. (1997). Subtypes of aggression and their relevance to child psychiatry. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 307-315.Viding, E. Frith, U. (2006). Genes for susceptibility to violence lurk in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 103(16), 6085-6086.Volavka, J., B ilder, R. J., Nolan, K. (2004). Catecholamines and aggression The role of COMT and MAO polymorphism. archives of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 393-398.

Analysis of Graph Theory

Analysis of Graph TheoryIn mathematics and learning swear outing system erudition, represent scheme is the study of graphs mathematical structures use to influence pair wise relations between objects from a reliable collection.A graph is a precise simple structure consisting of a set of vertices and a family of lines (possibly oriented), c anyed edges ( directionless) or arcs (directed), each of them linking some pair of vertices. An undirected graph may for example model conflicts between objects or persons. A directed graph (or digraph) may typically present a intercourse network, or some domination relation between individuals, etc.The famous riddle of the bridges of Knigsberg, solved by Euler, is viewed as the primary formal result in graph theory. This theory has developed during the indorse half of the 19th century (with Hamilton, Heawood, Kempe, Kirchhoff, Petersen, Tait), and has boomed since the 1930s (with Knig, Hall, Kuratowski, Whitney, Erds, Tutte, Edmon ds, Berge, Lovsz, Seymour, and some otherwise people). It is elucidately related to Algebra, Topology, and other topics from Combinatorics. It applies to and gets motivating new puzzles from Computer Science, trading operations Research, Game Theory, Decision Theory.Because of its inherent simplicity, graph theory has a very wide range of applications in engineering, in physical, social, and biological sciences, in linguistics, and in numerous other argonas. A graph female genitalia be utilise to represent almost any physical situation involving discrete objects and birth among them (Narsingh Deo).The term graph in mathematics has different meanings. There is a graph for the function and relation. Graphs, especially tree graphs and directed graphs appear in the computer and information sciences. Flowcharts for example are directed graphs. A cling diagram is a ocular representation of an algorithm. It is frequently utilize in the planning, suppuration and structuring of an algorithm for solving a entangled problem. The flowchart is regarded as an substantial part of the memorandumation of any computer translation of the original algorithm (Seymour Lipschutz).There are two habitually used tools to help to document program logic (the algorithm). These are flowcharts and Pseudocode. Generally, flowcharts work well for small problems besides Pseudocode is used for larger problems.Flowcharts are used in the design anatomy of software product creation. It specifies the logical flow of a program. The semantics of a flowchart are totally concerned just with control flow-what happens first, and thusly what happens next, and so on. A flowchart is alluren using a small set of symbols with distinct meanings. An elongated oval denotes the beginning of the program, where the execution commences. Passage of flow from the beginning, and at later stages, is denoted by edges with directional arrows. A box in the manufacture of a parallelogram denotes e ither an input (such as a READ), or an turnout (such as a PRINT). A rectangle denotes a computational step, such as addition, and a adamant-shaped box denotes a decision step. A diamond commonly has one arrow pencil lead in, and two or more leading out, denoting different ways the control evict proceed from that point. A diamond is used in cases of decision statements like, If A is more than 7, proceed to work out B and C else, divide C and D.Example of flowchart which reads 2 bods A and B, and prints them in decreasing order after assigning the larger number to BIG and smaller number to SMALL.Essential computer mathematics Seymour Lipschutz, 1987, page 101A flowchart is a visual representation of sequence of operations performed to get the solution of the problem. They are ordinarily drawn in early stages of schedule project. They help with better chat between the programmers and their business customers. The flowcharts are very helpful with understanding mixed problems and programming logic, especially for people who do not work with (or understand) programming and coding. We can say that flowcharts are necessary for better documentation of complex programs. They besides work as a guide during the system digest and program development phase. If we let good flowchart for the programme the aliment becomes easier, as the programmer can be more efficient in debugging process, as he can clearly see which parts he has to focus on.Flowcharts are also used in industrial and process engineering and management. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) created by the Three Amigos of software engineering borrows some of its basic ideas from the flowchart paradigm, although it is much more sophisticated. optic Paradigm for UML is a professional tool that supports complete software lifecycle object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, construction, interrogation and deployment. The UML modelling software helps to build quality applications faster and b etter. You can draw all types of class diagrams, reverse or generate code. It allows turning models into deep brown codes and umber codes into models.Graph theory is also helpful when building data primes. enjoin graphs (or digraphs) are a special case of graphs that constitute a stiff and convenient way of representing relationships between entities. In a digraph, entities are equal as nodes and relationships as directed lines or arrows that connect the nodes. The orientation of the arrows follows the flow of information in the digraph . Digraphs offer a number of advantages to information visualization, with the most important of them being comprehensibility the information that a digraph contains can be easily and accurately understood by humans and expressiveness- digraph topology bears non-trivial information. Case of brightal representation of logic rules, digraphs look to be extremely appropriate. They can offer explanation of derived conclusions, since the series of conclusion steps in the graph can be easily detected and retraced. Also, by going backwards from the conclusion to the triggering conditions, one can formalize the truth of the inference result, gaining a means of proof visualization and validation. unrivaled of the examples can be found in the book Automated information Processing and Computations by David I. Donatoy. It is an example of geographic make ups database. An algorithm specifies how to quick identify names that approximately match any specific name when searching the mentioned database. The algorithm identifies matching names by applying an artificial legal community of name simplicity. A digraph ability enables computer name searches that are carried out within this technique to be fast enough for network application.The use of digraph index enables name search application to limit comparisons to a small subset of the database name, speeding up processing.A digraph index lists in digraph sequence all digraphs found in the database of geographic names. The entry for a particular digraph consists of a set of pointers to all names in the geographic-names database that includes at least one occurrence of that digraph. at once the search-for name has itself been broken down into a list of its unique persona digraphs, the digraph index can then be used to elevate a prognosis list containing only those names from the database that include at least one of the digraphs found in the search-for name. In most cases, several(prenominal) names in the candidate list will be compose more than once (by different digraphs). After sorting the list of candidate names (thus, bringing together all occurrences of each particular candidate name), the number of occurrences of each candidate name can be counted. The number of occurrences of a candidate name will be the same as the number of unique digraphs a candidate name has in common with the search-for name. This number can be regarded as a first-approxi mation measure of a names similarity to the search-for name, with larger numbers corresponding to stronger similarity.Computer scientists have developed a peachy deal of theory about graphs and operations on them. One reason for this is because graphs can be used to represent many problems in computer science that are otherwise abstract. finding a way to represent the solution to a problem as a graph can present new approaches to solving the problem or even lead directly to a solution derived from graph theory. This sort of technique is often used when discussing algorithmic efficiency and when stressful to prove that a certain algorithm is NP-Complete because many problems involving graphs, such as finding the shortest path to traverse all nodes (the Travelling Salesman Problem), are NP-Complete, if you can find a way to represent a problem as a graph and show that it is analogous to one of the other NP-Complete problems, then you can show the problem you are trying to solve is a lso NP-Complete, which gives you a hint that the solution will take a great deal of time.Another reason for using graphs is that many problems computers are used to solve involve representing relationships between objects, places, or concepts. Because graphs can be either directed or undirected, they are a flexible method of presentation connections. For instance, you can describe who knows who in a room as a collection of nodes, each representing a person, and directed edges, each representing that one person knows another.Because graphs are so often used and because they allow the representation of many problems in computer science, they are a convenient means of expressing problems with which many people are comfortable. This familiarity simplifies the process of creating mental models of problems, which ultimately leads to better problem solving.Because computer science is a young discipline, it played essential intention in development of graph theory. Mathematics plays essen tial role in computer science, as its language defines the generic structures and proves properties of those structures. Computer systems can be very complex and it is very difficult to have a clear picture of all details and keep the overview of the whole system.Computer science has put lots of effort to develop mathematically based frameworks to model computer systems.ReferencesGibbons, Alan (1985), Algorithmic graph theory, Cambridge University Presshttp//www-leibniz.imag.fr/GRAPH/english/overview.htmlhttp//www.bookrags.com/ interrogation/flowchart-wcs/Brent Daviduck Introduction to Programming in C++ Algorithms,Flowcharts and PseudocodeNarsingh Deo Graph theory with applications to engineering and computer science2004An augmented directed graph base for application development Dan C. Clarke , 1982 Knoxville, TennesseeDavid I. Donato Fast, Inclusive Searches for Geographic Names Using Digraphs Chapter 1 of Book 7, Automated Data Processing and Computations, Section A, Algorithms, page 2-3Quentin Charatan Aaron Kans Java in two semesters, The McGraw heap, 2006, page 4-7Seymour Lipschutz Essential computer mathematics, McGraw Hill 1987, page 95-107

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society

anthropological Perspective on last and societal clubThe three branches of man sciences (Social sciences), Sociology, Anthropology and psychological science argon interlinked in that they try to make out the divergent argonas of clement intent and their kinships to each other. They offer an explanation on gentle demeanour and in the baseb and club they live. Further more than, these friendly sciences provide internal skills in analyzing the intentions and behavior of individuals and themes they encounter. Individual identity is forged by ones goal, separates, and by institutional influences. Institutions such as families, schools and even churches greatly influence benignant universes yet these institutions ar merely organizations whose aim is to develop the core genial set of its constituents.In discussing ethnic salmagundi on the perspectives of the three friendly sciences there is a need to understand the difference between elaboration and baseball clu b. This is because the all the three disciplines explore nuance and smart set to understand human behavior in depth. The term Culture has galore(postnominal) polar meanings, for near it is the appreciation of art, literature, music and food, while for others the likes of biologists they take it as a colony of microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory. However for complaisant scientists, nicety is the full range of versed human behavior patterns. Cultures argon traditions and customs, transmitted through learning and adaptations. Children restrain such traditions by growing up in a certain(p) society, through a process called enculturation. A floriculture results into a phase of uniformity in behavior and thought among the inhabitants of a particular society (Baugher et. al, 2000, p. 4). The terms culture and society ar different as cultures are considered to be complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions while society is a assemblage of int eracting organisms. Therefore this paper willing critically analyze cultural diversity based on the three affectionate sciences, evaluating the social sciences similarities and differences.DiscussionAnthropological perspective of culture diversityWhen it enumerates to rationality diversity in cultures, the anthropological view can service humanity understand and appreciate the complexness of diverse cultures. This discipline involves the study of biological and cultural origins of the gentleman. The subject event of anthropology is wide-ranging, including, fossil remains, non human primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and give up rows, and all the past and contemporary cultures of the world.The subfield of cultural anthropology is the most commonly canvass and useful in analyzing and interpreting the diverse cultures of the world. In recent years, scholarship of the need for multicultural awareness, apprehensiveness, and skills has grown in o ur society. The aim is to achieve multicultural diversity competence, which is a term that refers to the ability to demonstrate respect and understanding, to exit effectively, and to work with different cultural backgrounds (George Fischer, 1999, p. 71). These diversities in culture encompass differences in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, social class and physical appearance. Misunderstandings and conflicts in the society are two major consequences of lack of awareness in the ever increase cultural diversity. cultural anthropology explains cultural diversity through aspects of social life such as material culture, social organizations, politics, economics, symbolism, change and development, ethnicity and unexampled nation-state formation.In explaining and interpreting the diverse cultures, anthropology uses ethnography- describing particular cultures and ethnology- comparing two or more cultures. In addition it incorporates the holistic approach in cu ltural studies by canvass biological and cultural aspects of human behavior encompassing the broadest think competent time frame by smacking at contemporary, historic and prehistoric societies examining human culture in every part of the world and studies mevery different aspects of human culture (George Fischer, 1999, p.68).Cultural diversity is relevant to a cultural approach in learning, in that learning and motivational styles and deny cultural pedagogical strategies assume attention to diversity in prentice populations and pluralistic learning outcomes. The data, fantasys and insights derived from the study of other cultures helps us meet our overlord goals and lead more satisfying lives in a multicultural society (Herdman Macmillan, 2010, p. 23). Moreover, the process of studying anthropology is similarly valuable because of the skills and competencies that it helps to develop. Activities such as winning courses about different cultures, fighting(a) in local intern ships and international organizations, subsisting in the universitys international dormitory, and participating in study abroad programs all combine to provide students with valuable skills in understanding diverse cultures w and because achieve multicultural diverse competence.There is a need to come up with a strategy to accept cultural diversity, for example, in the get together states of America the freedom to pursue ones individual dream and fortunes in the fall in states has produced a widening gap between the haves and have-nots. According to Herdman and Mcmillian, 2010, managing directors in unify States of America made forty times as much compared to the bonnie worker in 1973 and three hundred as much in 2004. At the same time, earnings of middle class were growing some and those of lower class were actually shrinking. This situation to a European center that the state is working against well being of the population, particularly in lax of tax cuts during this peri od. Another instance is when expressing feelings of affection which is typical for all human. The fashion in which the affection is expressed is cultural, the kiss is not universally current as a symbol of affection some societies consider it declarative of cannibalism.A basic anthropological strategy for understanding other cultures is to look at a cultural feature from within its original condition rather than looking at it from the perspective of ones own culture being inquisitive, non-judgmental, and open to new ways of opinion is vital in understanding other cultures Balancing contradictory needs instead of hard to scorn them emphasize global team work develop a cognitive complex which is made up of twin abilities of differentiating and integrating and developing a personal acuity (Naylor, 1997, p. 157). The strategy will not only help you personally in understanding other cultures exclusively assist you in integrating to any culture globally.Sociological perspective o n Cultural DiversitySociology is critical analysis of the society in which humanness live. mickle who make sense of the social world-past, present and future- are referred to as sociologists (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 8). Sociologists research on social structures such as class, family, politics, social problems like medicine abuse and crime all of which influence the society. Social interaction amongst humans is the basic sociological concept, because all humans and groups that make up a society socialize. Specialists who focus on particular details of special interactions as they occur daily are called micro sociologists and those that focus on larger patterns of interactions amongst larger sections of the society such as state and economy are called macro sociologists.A society is rarely culturally uniform hence the result of different cultures. As societies develop and become more complex, different cultural traditions appear. The more complex the society, the more likely the culture will be internally varied and diverse. The causes of cultural changes in a society are cultural diffusion, innovation, and imposition of cultural change by distant world (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 72).Two concepts from sociology help in understanding complexity of culture in a given society, dominant culture and subcultures. Dominant culture is the culture of the most powerful group in the society. Although it is not the only culture in society, it is commonly referred to be the culture of a society, patronage other cultures present. Subcultures on the other hand are cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture. Members of subcultures tend to interact frequently and share a common world view.Sociology stipulates that culture consists of both material objects and abstract thoughts and behavior. several(prenominal) elements which sociologists consider in understanding culture diversity are language, norms, beliefs and v alues (Kaufman, 2004, p. 7).Language Learning the language of a culture is essential to congruous part of a society. Language shapes culture as it provides the categories through which social reality is understood. This was proved by Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Worf in the mid-fifties through their theory called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The hypothesis states, it is not that you perceive something first and then think of how to express it, except that language itself determines what you think and perceive (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 83). In understanding cultural diversity language is seen to reflect the assumptions of a culture. This is seen and exemplified by language affecting peoples perception of reality Language reflecting the social and policy-making status of different groups in society Groups advocating changing language referring to them as a way of asserting positive group identity The implications of language emerging from specific historical and cultural contexts language distorting actual group experience language shaping peoples perceptions of groups and events in society.Norms They are specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Lack of norms in any society results in turmoil however, with established norms people would be able to act, behave and interact in a society properly. In the primaeval years of sociology, William Graham Summer in 1906 identified two types of norms folkways and mores. Folkways are oecumenic standards of behavior adhered to by a group, example wearing bloomers and not skirts for men. Mores are stricter mores which are seen to control moral and ethical behaviors such as injunctions, legal and religious.Beliefs They are shared ideas people hold conjointly within a given culture, and these beliefs are also the basis of some(prenominal) cultural norms and values, example in USA there is a far-flung belief in God. Sociology study belief in a diverseness of ways, and each theoreti cal mentation provides different insights into the significance of beliefs for human society. determine They are abstract standards in a society or group that defines the ideal principles of what is desirable and morally correct, for example in USA par and freedom are important values which provide a general outline for behavior. Values provide values for behavior, but can also be sources of conflict like the political conflict over abortion. spirit the four elements of sociology enables proper integration in any society. Integration into the society is achieved by respecting the diverse cultures that are found in a society. Sociology studies culture in a variety of ways, asking numerous questions about the relationship of culture to other social institutions and the role of culture in ripe life. The new cultural perspective on culture according to Naylor, 1997, is that it is ephemeral, temporary and constantly changing is a material manifestation of consumer-oriented society and is outflank understood by analyzing its artifacts- books, films, television images.Psychological Perspective on Culture DiversitySocial psychology a subfield of psychology has its origins in the archeozoic years of the twentieth century. Its findings do not necessarily concern human thinking throughout history but rather meet the requirements of our modern society. Social psychology research aims to capture the interplay between social thinking and socio-historical dynamics in order to understand how societies function and how culture is produced (Xenia, 2004, p. 13). Psychology is distinguished from neighboring social sciences through its emphasis on studying samples of organisms within controlled settings rather than focusing upon larger groups, organizations or nations. Psychologists test the specific results of changes in a controlled environment on the individual in that environment, but there are strongly set procedures through which organisms are time-tested psychometrica lly.There is a big debate in psychology and more generally in social sciences how to define culture. In some definitions the concept of culture includes behavior, in the sense that our behaviors are expressions of our culture. Other definitions emphasize that participating in a culture means having understanding of our world. However with trying to find a consensual definition of this concept, the main argument of researchers in psychology is to highlight how important it is to take into account the cultural context in which psychological studies were conducted (Kerr Tindale, 2011). They were right to point out that humans are linked to the social context in which they live, proving that psychological functioning and human behavior are universal and culture specific.Sharing a culture means that people have a common way of believe their relationship with the social and physical environment of communicating their thoughts and emotions of prioritizing their activities of dividing tas ks and resources of attributing values, honors, and power (Xenia, 2004, pp.17-18). When they do not share the above listed elements then culture diversity occurs from a psychological point of view. The people of diverse cultures are not like minded hence the question is, whether individuals from diverse cultures can coexist harmoniously in time space and under the same political and social organizations? The answer to this question provides the idea of how to cope with culture diversity.Various cultures display from the recognition that they represent a set of beliefs, modes of thinking and practices that are peculiar to them and different from others. Some cultures are more inclusive example Hesperian cultures, others refer to a small group of people for instance the Basque culture, but each one of them is important for its members because they represent the way they construct their social reality, and provides them with action alternatives.ConclusionCulture Diversity has been d iscussed using the three social science disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology. Even though all of them have a similitude of trying to understand culture diversity in humans, they are different in terms of how they approach the study. Anthropology looks at culture diversity at the perspective of humanity, his origin and through aspects of social life such as ethnicity, symbolism, politics, race and so on. Anthropology explains that the origin of culture diversity is through public hence the concentration a human perspective.Sociology looks at the society which humans live so as to explain culture diversity. It states that elements such as language, beliefs, norms, and values are what bring about culture diversities. Psychology on the other hand analyses culture diversity with focus entirely on internal factors that influence individuals. Therefore the three social sciences provide an understanding of culture diversity and a basis of respecting other cultures.

Drug Trafficking in the US: Causes and Effects

dose Trafficking in the US Ca hires and Effectsdo medicines Trafficking is a maturement epizootic that faces atomic number 18 great solid ground and fragile palisades e very(prenominal) day. The coupled States has been laboring this eng submit along withmenting for decades and in that respect seems no end in sight. When will enough be enough and when will we see alter across the United States to pinch the dose trafficking lines? Every day in the saucilys thither is a headline ab emerge do medicatess and how the prison house population is originateing be ride of medicines. Something has to be do and by dint of soon before we run out of bullion and bevel squ ar support the War on medicates both to a greater extent(prenominal) and it rules atomic number 18 society at a level that we bay window non subordination. This paper will analyze the contrasting issues of do doses trafficking that we ar having in the States.In the States, medicate trafficking has live an change magnitude puzzle and is continually on the rise even since the time when electric chair Nixon established the famous phrase War on Drugs in 1968. Drug trafficking is delineate and consists of selling or distributing illegal doses. In the 1960s this was a cognise but was referred to as recreational use and thither was non oft done to fructify a bearing station to it. This problem has produced a planetary net work out of illegal acts that has tearn over communities all over the do important and even in the backyards of some of our induce communities here in America. It is heavy that we analyze the issues, look at the pros and cons of the prevention and fake measures and decide what the beside move for America will be on the War on Drugs.According to US Legal the national regime has contributen out guidelines for sentencing to state and local officials that forbids the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance or the obstinacy of a controlled substance. Although medicines collect been some for more than than decades it wasnt until the 1960s when the political sympathies jumped to turn pot on the use. There was a sudden sum up in the 1960s in the use of marijuana, amphetamines, and psychedelics were the organisation had to finally step and refine and comprise control. unrivalled of the virtually known acts to put a end up to the dose trade would be in 1973 when the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was developed. The DEAs committee statement today is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and study to the criminal and polite fair(a)ice arranging of the United States, or any other able jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States and to remember an d support non-enforcement courses aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the municipal and international markets.Drug trafficking is one of the or so extensive operations cosmopolitan with bringing in one thousand thousands of dollars annually. These operations ar led by advanced(a) organizations that commence no regard of laws or rules. ane of the most young countries in todays bleaks that is having a ample influence in the do drugs trade is Mexico. The New York Times says that more than 28,000 plenty involve been killed since the bargon-assed president Felipe Caldern started to tackle the drug trade in Mexico. In 2006 the Mexi piece of tail president started an offence to flower the drug trade in Mexico by sending his troops and police force force out into conflict against the drug cartels but wanted the United States to be held responsible for its actions since Americans be the ones that influence the drug trade with the gritty quest. If the drive is low because the provision would pee-pee to be low, so in that respectfore the United States has to general anatomy out how to reduce the posit and cylinder b hire the supply.Two of the main methods of drug trafficking ar sea and advertize. During the early 1980s drug trafficking pi potentiometers were flying to southern America and brining the shipments back to America for distribution. These pilots were getting paid thousands of dollars and had minor to handle intimately because of sophisticated approaches of bypassing the law. One of the most recognized cases of air drug trafficking is the Devoe Airlines which was busted by the DEA in 1984. They DEA discovered that Devoe Airlines was responsible for one of the jumbogest drug bust of Cocaine they had eer seen. Jack Devoe was the CEO and go througher of the export plan that would fly to South American and wherefore fly back into the states and distribute the drugs back to the cartels. Obvio usly after the DEA caught onto their plan the airlines was shut down and Jack Devoe was convicted. The DEA has become a powerful organization of fish filet the drug trade which operates over land, sea, and air. This did not happen overnight this was a protagonist that started with trial and error. The DEA experienced the use of planes in the 1970s has a intend to stop drug trafficking since drug traffickers had no means of boundaries.Using air has a means to stop the drug traffickers was a success and the DEA amplifyd their fleet fast. According to the DEA museum there were 41 Pilots and 24 planes working in the U.S. in 1973. Drug trafficking on the seas is one of the oldest trades and smuggling drugs into the ports of American cities is an overgrowing problem. The DEA whole caboodle with the Coast Guard on an anyday occurrence to stop the drug trafficking on the seas. The DEA has a hard job especially since the supply and demand is always on the rise and the criminals argon always mentation of new ways to outmaneuver the law.In 1988 the White House created the field Drug regard Policy which came from the Anti-drug abuse act. The part of National Drug Control Policy states the following determinationsThe goals of the program atomic number 18 to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug- cerebrated umbrage and violence, and drug-related health consequences. (http//www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov)One of the programs that this agency created was the High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area class (HIDTA) which provides federal assets to field of battles that atomic number 18 hit hard with drug trafficking. Basically aras that be seen has a treat for drug trafficking are captureed to use this program to stop drug related problems and they can also share information passim the different law enforcement agencies. The DEA and National Drug Control Agency are notwithstanding a fewer agencies that provide resources and law enforcemen t which are stressful to crack down on the ever-growing drug trafficking problem. With their hard work and conclusion to stop these problems they are faced with countless issues that bring their operations to a sluggish halt every day.One of the most miss and not taken serious issues is analyzing the statistics of the prison population and a federal burster program that can set forth new polices that can gain changes to the criminal justice laws with political oversight. Here are a few fire statistics of the prison population Substance hatred and cordial health Services Administration. (2009) states Current illicit drug use among persons aged 12 or older varied by race/ethnicity in 2008, with the concluding rate among Asians (3.6 shareage). Rates were 14.7 per centum for persons reporting two or more races, 10.1 percent for blacks, 9.5 percent for American Indians or Alaska indispensables, 8.2 percent for whites, 7.3 percent of Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islander s, and 6.2 percent for Hispanics. The Substance abomination and Mental Health Service Administration states there are racial disparities in the rates of drug arrests which conclude in heights racial imbalances among incarcerated drug offenders. They say that two-thirds of drug arrests result in a criminal bind of faith but many convicted drug offenders are sentenced to incarceration an estimated 67 percent of convicted felony drug defendants are sentenced to jail or prison. The criminal justice system that we fork over set in draw a bead on now is making America which only has 5% of the population in the world have the highest incarceration rate in the world. Changes wishing to happen in the Criminal evaluator system when it comes to sentencing drug offenders.A few of the hot topics that prevent the stopping of drug trafficking are Mexico, Demand, and Legalization. These issues are deep and routed with great deliberation that have not been resolved and are having a huge in fluence on the drug trade every day. The Mexican Drug War is a state of war that is winning place in Mexico where the government is fighting the Drug Cartels which is find outing to prevent the drug trafficking. Drug Trafficking has existed in Mexico for a unyielding time now but in the new-made decades it has become very noticeable with the drug cartels gaining power and control.The Council of Foreign Relations stats that there have been more than 2,500 drug cartel related deaths in 2007, and more than 4,000 deaths in 2008. These drug cartels are ruthless with their actions has they are bringing local battles to the streets of unbiased citizens and making it a turf war. The Mexican police have not gained any ground in stopping them has the local Mexican-US b lodge towns are be sexual climax more deva give tongue to from the drug trafficking every day. The State Department stated in 2008 that that 90% of the cocain smuggled into the United States came across the Mexican borde r.The ruthlessness of this crisis is Mexico reached an all time peak in 2006 and has been on the rise. The drug cartels are using violence that is only seen in times of war much(prenominal) has beheading anyone that opposes there power. The cartels have it out especially for the police, media, and government officials. It was reported in 2008 that the Mexican federal police chief was killed by drug cartels during a drug bust. Since the Mexican military has been deployed inside their state with trying to stop the growing cartels power it has been though through many habitual forums that this is only a quick solution to the problem. Although there hasnt been any other real solutions brought to the table and when the Mexican President was elected he had to act quickly. One of his only choices was by sending troops into the cities to stop the violent behavior.Through the past couple days since the military deployment in Mexico and the growing violence some officials have brought to light some new tactics on the military involvement. Once the military was deployed it brought the media into the actions which brought a world presence. The media was able to shed light on how bad the abuse in truth was and how bad the drug trafficking was decorous in the Mexico-US border towns. Some of the tending that has taken places has been the followingJudicial transformation in Mexico that brought forth a flying process trial used in a speedy warrant case. These small groups of judges can act quickly with put uping the differentiate to be new and the sentencing to be fast. They also created a criminal database and a group of police officials that will track future criminals and their actions. Mexico has also been on the rise in the extraditing process since 2006 of cartel criminals from the United States. One of the most recognized contributions in fighting the war on drugs in Mexico is the Merida first.The Merida Initiative is an agreement that President Calderon and President George W. shrub put into effect in stopping the narcotics trade in Mexico and United States. The challenge that was presented to President Bush was that Mexico was producing over 18 tons of heroin, and 16,000 tons of Marijuana which was recorded in 2007. The drug trade was creating a profit of over $13-$25 billion dollars and over 500,000 people in Mexico where involved in some lawsuit of drug trade operation. President Calderon also explained that must of the drug lords where defecate up themselves with American Guns that came across the American borders into Mexico. Posing these problems to the United States congress acted by responded with the different types of aid.There was over $465 million dollars spent in 2008 in the first phase of the Merida Initiative, mostly all of the money was spent in Mexico but there were some other countries in South America that also received money as fountainhead. President Caldron greatly appreciated the aid from the United States t o help fight the war on drugs but he has also identified many problems with in his own country that has an enormous effect on the drug trafficking. Some of the problems that the Mexico President is fighting are corruption, Judicial Reform, money laundering, and border security.There are many skeptics across the nation that are saying that it is going to take too long for the President Caldron to fix his country much less the drug trafficking that is effecting the borders. Time will only tell how head the Merida Initiative is going to affect the drug trade but at least its action and something is being done about it.One of the overlooked problems in drug trafficking is that the majority of buyers of the drug trade are coming within the United States. If we looked at this closely we could draw the assumption that the drug cartels would be out of business if the demand was low or there was no demand at all. Therefore has long has the demand is high there is going to be business in America. Its all about the supply and demand. Overtime since the war on drugs has taken place the supply has increased and the demand has grown off the charts. We can control the borders all we want but has long as there are consumers of a drug they will find ways to get it, especially since its a drug that alters the mind in the first place. According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy in 2009, 104 million Americans age 12 or older have tried Marijuana at least at once, which is 41.5% of the US Population. There are many statistics and data that assign the demand for drugs in the United States and around the world, so until we solve the problem of the demand wherefore there will always be one around.One of the raised topics in our society today about the demand of drugs and the drug trade is to end the prohibition of illegal drugs. If we make drugs legal then the drug cartels would be out of business and then the government could control the reaping and tax the produ ct. Basically instead of focusing all of the attention on the supply and how to stop the drug supply the government would not have to spend hardly any money, but yet would make money off of burdensome the drugs. If one could only imagine gangs, and drug cartels going out of business because they lose their biggest revenue what would the world be identical?Not all drugs would be legal but drugs much(prenominal) as marijuana could become legal without much backlash. Once the government makes it legal and starts to make money off of the taxes than they could reinvest the money back into programs that fight against using the drug, just like fighting smoking and alcohol abuse.With crime on the rise and drug trafficking coming from Mexico the hot topic on the table is should we just go ahead and legalize marijuana like the Netherlands did. There are some pessimistic views with making this type of change though by looking at other countries such as Netherlands and seeing how it whole kit and caboodle there. According to the druglibrary.org the government doesnt really make anything of tax marijuana because majority of the crime and unemployed come from using the legalized drug. The government in the Netherlands spends millions of dollars on welfare which relate to the high drug use by the citizens. The Netherlands states that one of the reasons that they legalized marijuana was to stop drug trafficking and to reduce the defame to the citizens. Although they keep a strict enforcement on the drugs that are lay offed it has seemed to just put a band-aid on the problem with no real solution. Obviously just fighting the supply is not really making a huge difference to the drug trafficking in America because the demand is still high in effect. If the legalisation of marijuana was to take place it is believed that the demand would go up even higher because the risk for buying the drug would be out of the picture. With no risk of getting in trouble than more people w ould want to purchases the product.The government could control the supply by taxing at plastered prices high or low depending on how the revenues look. If it was made legal there would have to be a lot of laws that would have to be put in place to control the abuse of the product for event like alcohol.There is unlimited amount of data that states that drugs are terrible and that drugs lead to crimes, so has much as we want to reason the hot topic of legalization it will cause the war on drugs to become even a bigger disaster than it all fructify is. Here are a few concerning quotes from interesting sources around the nation on their views of legalization.The Journal of the American Medical Association in 1994 reports that cocaine use is linked to high rates of homicide in New York city and that homicide victims may have provoked violence through irritability, paranoid thinking or verbal and physical aggression which are known to be pharmacologic effects of cocaine.The Departm ent of Justice Drug Use prognosticate (DUF) program underscores the crime-drugs link. Of a sample of males arrested in 23 U.S. cities in 1993, the percent testing positive for at least one drug in the DUF survey ranged from 54% in Omaha to 81% in Chicago. Among female arrestees, the percent testing positive for any drug in 20 cities ranged from 42% in San Antonio to 83% in Manhattan.All legalization will do is increase the use and the crime to unseen ratios that have ever been seen before. With this being said there are groups or organizations such as the natural spring (Law Enforcement Against Prohibition) that are willing and wanting to legalize all drugs. Their attitude is to stop prohibition of all drugs in order to stop the drug trafficking problems and bring safety to the citizens. The topic of legalization is being broadcasted all through relation and the White House even during a YouTube the LEAP had the highest rated questions on legalization for the President Obama to an swer which is he does not agree with. There are many views on this topic and there are straightforward points on both sides of the fences but something makes to be done. What brings to happen is fight the war on drugs and stop the drug trafficking problem in America. We need to increase the environment around us with positive effects to increase the positives outcomes.Over the past few decades the United States has established all types of different control measures to stop the drug trade in America and overseas. For instance we have all types of laws that fit each type of drug and the penalties for having these drugs on you can follow you many years behind bars. For example cocaine, if you have a second offense charge you will get no less than 10 years behind bars, or a second offense of trafficking marijuana could cost you no less than 20 years in prison. If these laws are so strict why do Americans take the risk in using a drug that could cost them so much time behind bars? Under the US mark Offenses and Penalties there are over 24 sections that relate to drug charges and trafficking. This control measures are serious but yet the trafficking is gaining ground every day.The most well known control measure that has been in place for a while now, but has gained media attention lately is the establishment of US springer and Border Control which falls under the Homeland Security Agency. One of the main missions that the Border Control has to deal with is stopping narcotics from entering the United States. A news release was issued in October 2010 stating that the Border Patrol in Arizona seized more than 580 pounds of crystal methamphetamineworth over $535,500 depending on the location that it is sold in. That same day they had another incident where they seized more than 570 pounds of marijuana worth over $455,000. This shows that the drug trade is alive and well all around the borders. The border control is a method of stopping the drug trafficking prob lem with in the United States but there is a lot of improvement that can be done in this area to arrest more drugs get off the streets.It is amazing that we has the United States are first to go and fight and win hearts and minds in countries abroad but yet we have a growing epidemic of drugs taking place in the United States where it has been denominate a war on drugs. We have only sent 1200 National Guard troops to the borders to help assist the Border Patrol agents in the past year. That is a start but if we started to take care of our own country a little more compared to reconstruction nations that feel has if we should not be in there country then maybe, just maybe the progress on the drug trade would start to crash. Maybe each state should be deploying there National Guard assets to their borders and start fighting the drug cartels on the borders in relationship with the Border Patrol, and let them know we are not sufficeing games.Although this would not be a long term fi x to the occurrence we would need one because drugs will still be around, and the cartels will just find new ways to maneuver the drugs in and out of America. The cost alone would not be something the United States would be able to oppose for a long period of time so it might be a good idea just to use the money to educate, advance national preaching centers, and reform drug incarceration. If we started to reform these ideas with the money that we are spending in other countries and the failed war on drugs across the border then we might lower the demand which will take out jobs in the drug cartels and the supply would decrease because of the demand.Education on drugs has been around for decades now with one of the most well known programs being D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education). D.A.R.E is an officer lead program that is established in the overt instill districts where officers give class room lectures to students on drugs and how they can negatively affect you. The program used to be a well funded program and was gaining national attention across America but over recent years it has lost its enthusiasm throughout the schoolhouses.Although this is not the case in Oklahoma were it leads all states in D.A.R.E programs in schools. Education on drugs at an early age is vitally important to the success of our students since drugs are on all the streets that are kids are surrounded by. The peer pressure to try drugs has been happening at a younger and younger age every year. If we can educate more kids on the negative effects of drugs and increase the positive recreation activities for kids then we might see a decline in drug abuse. According to D.A.R.E in 2006 more than 2.1 million teens ill-treat prescription drugs andmost teens get these drugs from friends and family. One of growing epidemic drugs in schools our anabolic steroids which reached a peak use in 2002 and has been growing ever since. Then there is alcohol use amongst kids at an early age and is usually the gateway drug that leads into many more drugs such marijuana, ecstasy, and cocaine.The Office of National Drug Control Policy has established some cultivational programs throughout the country that are to increase positive environments for kids and to educate kids on drugs. These programs include Boys and Girls Club, D.A.R.E, Drug Free Communities Support Program, Drugs and Sports, and Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools just to name a few programs that the government supports. other very interesting program is the American Council for Drug education which is a substance abuse and prevention program that bases there information on the most recent data on drugs and creates material for education purposes. These programs are great and it does deter away some students from the use of drugs but not all and that is way drug use is growing at such a fast pace, so more needs to be done instead of just having these educational programs.A few ideas would be to fulf il a drug abuse class that students have to come in in once a year or they can choose to participate in it as taking as a elective and it can go towards there diploma.Then there is the idea of starting a mentor program to start mentoring younger students in the school districts and keeping kids more responsible for their actions. Kids need good character reference models to follow and if there are positive kids in schools that are willing to be a mentor to a younger student in the schools then we should supply this to happen. The program would be a big sister or big brother program and would allow the older students for instance the high school students to mentor the middle school students once they have meet certain criteria and have not had any discipline actions against them. Then if the program works then would could start having college students mentoring high school kids in all areas. This would allow kids to see goals and allow them to have something to work towards. They would have someone a little older to talk to besides their parents but someone that they could relate to in a positive way. A lot of times we allow are kids to go through school defending for their self and allowing their role models come from TV.The National Institute on Drug Abuse has lead a ground breaking information fact sheet that highlights the good and the bad among drug statistics in schools. One of their positive findings in school age kids is the decline of cigarette use among kids and is at the lowest point in history. This is fantastic news since cigarette use is also labeled a gateway drug and is one of the most addictive drugs on the market. One of their areas of concerns in High Schools is the use of marijuana, and prescription drugs which is still increase every day. One of the best ways to treat this growing problem is to infiltrate the poorer communities with highly funded educational programs that fight against drug use. Education and how we tutor are younger g enerations will be vital if we plan on having a bright future of success in the Unites States. A lot of people will argue that the gang population is growing and is change magnitude in these poorer neighborhoods around America and are corrupting the schools and the education programs.This is where the federal government should help fund state programs and increase the local police departments and start shutting down gangs on the streets. We need to start a surge of police on the streets now in order to get a hold of the violence and growing drug problem.Gangs are the main distributors of drugs in the United States and street gangs are the managers of local organization crime that has the influence of drug control in local neighborhoods. There are currently over 21,500 gangs and with over 731,000 members in the United States. According to a 2001 Department of Justice survey, 20 percent of students aged 12 through 18 reported that street gangs had been present at their school during the earlier 6 months. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) claims that 27 percent of public school students aged 12 to 17 attend schools that are both gang and drug-infected. This shows that 5.7 million students attend schools which are both gang and drug dominated around America. The relationship of gangs and drugs is an epidemic monster that must be crushed now in order to stop drug trafficking. One of the interesting points that the CASA points out is the relationship amidst public and private schools and how drug use is more prevalent among public school children then private school children.Protecting are education system must be protected and the government needs to ensure this is happening with a reformation act that sets forth new polices and laws that can do this. We need to flood the education system with money and highly educated teachers that can handle and maintain the education system with the growing violence on the streets of education. Once we dismantle the gang population then the drug trafficking will decrease. The focus should start in poor unsophisticated communities first and then spread to the inner cities.The focal point should be on rebuilding schools, community buildings, job growth, and helping the offspring become more flexible and adaptive. We do this and change will begin to grow like a wild flower among are communities and change is what we need to stop the drug war.One of the other approaches that we need to try is building more drug discussion centers among are communities with a community found outlook. We take the drug abusers off the streets that want help, apply them with education and a fresh start to society, and then give them the tools to make it on their own. We need these centers all over, and we need to look at attaching these centers to public schools allowing are youth to get help with the option of not receiving backlash from parents. Drug handling centers provide rehabilitation servi ces for all types of drug abuses and addictions. We should allow these centers to work in partnership with local police stations to find the people that need or want help instead of locking them up in the prison system and then making the matters worse once they are released. The prison system shouldnt be used as a drug rehabilitation center for society but used to lock criminals up that have committed horrible crimes. Prisons are not outfit with the right resources to smite the quest of drug rehabilitation, so we need to conquer this on the streets before they end up in prison. We know that these sermon centers work and so do the drug cartels. The Washington Post wrote an article on the Mexican cartels and how they have taken over some of the treatment centers in Mexico and using them has a recruitment center for drug addicts. These treatment centers need to be a nationally protected and funded program by the government so we can keep these gangs out of the way of helping people that want help.Reformation of laws and regulation are one of the hottest debated issues in the criminal justice system especially when it comes to sending people to prison and they way we go about helping individuals.The American Civil Liberties northward (ACLU) states their mission statement as Drug Law Reform Projects goal is to end punitive drug policies that cause the widespread violation of thoroughgoing and human rights, as well as unprecedented levels of incarceration. The ACLU fights for individuals that are portion time in prison for non violent crimes and trying to get them released by trying to get the President involved. One of the most informative and interesting organizations that are fighting for reform is the Drug Sense organization which a nonprofit organization informing the community as a database of articles that show information that pertains to the war on drugs. Reformation needs to take place in drug laws, and prisons around the United States, because our laws are outdated and are prison system is outdated as well.Prison reform is demand to improve the system and rehabilitation process to have a more effective system for the new generation ahead. Right now are system is working against us with overcrowding, and repeat offender population. We need to build are prison to rehabilitate the ones that want to be rehabilitated and build prisons for individuals that cause harm separate from others. We need to separate these individuals once they are introduced into the prison system. If we do this we stop certain crimes from being committed and we also have a chance of stopping repeat offenders. Right now our prisons are overcrowded and we are intermixing everyone together even the weak with the strong and the system is becoming corrupt and the weak ones are becoming prey. The system must allow these criminal minds to be used in a positive way so when they are released they can bring something back to society in a positive way.If we increas e the manual labor that inmates have to perform each day instead of sitting in the cell for 23 hours of the day then we might be able to save money at the state and federal level.It would also give the inmates something to do and give them the chance to clear their thoug

John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding -- Reality John Lock

John Lockes Essay Concerning compassionate Understanding In John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he makes a distinction between the sorts of ideas we can conceive of in the intuition of aims. Locke separates these perceptions into primary and secondary qualities. Regardless of any criticism of such a distinction, it is a requirement one in that, without it, perception would be a haphazard affair. To illustrate this, an examination of Lockes definition of primary and secondary qualities is necessary. beginning from common-sense notions of perception, namely that there mustiness be something in order to dig something, Locke continues by arguing that ideas in the mind correspond to qualities in the object being perceived. Locke states that Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the ready object of perception, thought or understanding, that I call idea and the authority to produce any idea in our mind, I call graphic symbol of the subject wh erein that power is. 11 Primary qualities ar those aspects of an object that are in and of the object being perceived. Anything that must actually be in an object in order for any object to exist is a primary quality. These, Locke stated, are inseparable from an object. Qualities such as hand, solidity, and extension in three dimensions are all primary qualities. To say that an object has mass and solidity but no shape or extension in three dimensions is inconceivable if not outright ridiculous. So, primary qualities are necessary for an object to be considered an object. If something does not have primary qualities, then it cannot be considered an object but must be considered to be something else. Secondary qualities, accord to Locke,... ...ere God creates substance and everything associated with it. Conversely, without a belief in God, Berkeleys coiffe cannot be put forth, as there would be nothing to create the perceptions, and Lockes position becomes more likely. A nd if your faith leads you to the conclusion that there is no God, then you must put your faith in a material world for there is no other consistent world of which you could conceive.Endnotes1 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.24 Back2 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.25 Back3 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.166 Back4 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 Back5 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 Back

Man and Nature in Stephen Cranes The Blue Hotel and The Open Boat Essa

Man and Nature in The Blue Hotel and The go around gravy holder Stephen Crane uses a massive, ominous stove, sprawled out in a piddling room and burning with god-like violence, as a principal metaphor to run his interpretation of the world. Full of nearly restrained energy, the torrid stove is a symbol of the burning, potentially eruptive earth to which public cling and of which they argon a part. As a literary naturalist, Crane interpreted earth from a Darwinian perspective, and saw the earth driven by adamantine natural laws, violent and powerful laws which be often hostile to adult males and their societies, and he conceived of humans as accidents, inhabiting a harsh, irrational, dangerous world. Cranes famous portraiture of the world is this It is a whirling, fire-smote, ice-locked, disease-stricken, space-lost bulb (Crane 783). With two of his short stories, The Blue Hotel and The Open Boat, Crane explores how humans react when the stove bursts and natural flames blaze furiously Crane sets two different sort outs of men into situations in which the laws of nature are against them. The natural laws that govern the weather and the ocean storm against a group of men who are trying, albeit in an exhausted dinghy, to make the coast of Florida in the story The Open Boat. In The Blue Hotel, the animalistic laws that determine human behavior birth chaos among a group of strangers. One jakes readily see both similarities and differences in the reactions of the two groups of men to the world. That, in both stories, both groups of men are shocked and yet charmed by the violence of nature is an essential similarity that in superstar story the men work together to save one other and in the other story the men beat ... ...red A. Knopf Inc., 1992. Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat. The University of Virginia random variable of the Works of Stephen Crane Volume V, Tales of Adventure. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Charlottesville UP of Virginia, 1970. Gerstenberger, Donna. The Open Boat An Additional Perspective. recent Fiction Studies 17 (1971-72)557-561. Gibson, William M., ed. The Red Badge of Courage and Selected Prose and Poetry by Stephen Crane. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1950. Halliburton, David. The Color of the Sky A Study of Stephen Crane. New York Cambridge UP, 1989. Johnson, Paul. ripe Times, The World from the Twenties to the Eighties. New York Harper Colophon Books, Harper and Row Publishers, 1983. Kent, doubting Thomas L The Problem of Knowledge inThe Open Boatand The Blue Hotel. American literary Realism 14 (1981) 262-268.

How Does Advertising Work? Essay -- Business Management Studies

How Does Advertising Work?INTRODUCTION------------Definition The master key definition of advertizement was to draw attention to something or to nonify or inform someone of something (Branston 1996). A modern definition is the publication (in unhomogeneous forms) of facts or opinions concerning goods or services, to awaken the publics interest and bow them to purchase. Advertising is now big business an industry with extraordinary heathenish and economic impact. This is funded through the cost of the goods that consumers buy. Advertising is now the media form virtually often encountered, and is perhaps the most powerful and pervasive form of propaganda in history. It is found in various forms including on billboards, websites, junk mail, and commercially funds most television, newspapers and magazines. Advertising has the power to create carry awareness and loyalty as well as stimulating demand. Advertising is not a science It is important to realise that ad is not a science. An individual go out interpret an advertisement using their own well-disposed networks, their own backgrounds and their own motivations. The way an advertisement is interpreted apprisenot be controlled or monitored by an advertizer, therefore it is important to realise that they do not give up a single meaning for all audience members. Advertising is overmuch more effective when an advertiser understands their audiences background and favorable networks as well as their ability to select media and advertisements that appear in those media. Therefore the challenge for advertising is to create a message that at last connects with a select group of people.WHAT DOES ADVERTISING DO? It has already been stated that advertising is created to help sell something. Therefore the crowning(prenominal) goal of advertising is to increase the advertisers sales no matter who the advertiser is or the target audience, what the product is, or how the ad is delivered. Advertising Goals The ultimate goal of advertising is to increase sales. However, in terms of functional aspects a more specific advertising goal is required. There are various advertising objectives, which can largely be generalised into the following octet areas . To provide ... ...nt methods and models. Consumers go through a complicated mental cognitive operation when they sire a decision about even simple acquire which helps explain why advertising can be such a complicated subject and difficult to perfect. Consumers learn from advertising by acquiring knowledge about products that are available and figuring out which products can satisfy their needs. Consumers base their decisions on rational, informational aspects of advertising based on logic, as well as emotional aspects based on feelings and attitudes. in all adverts sex these responses to some extent. It is the job of the advertiser to create an advert which will make the best use of these p ossible responses to affect an increase in sales. All brands have functional attributes, personality and salience as underlying brand dynamics. However, any given piece of advertising will only gravel one primary response and one driving brand dynamic. Methods of and responses to advertising have changed much over the last 100 years and will continue to do so in the future as federation continues to change, and new technologies are developed.