Reflection on mental health nursing Essay

This is a reflective essay based on my attendance at a multidisciplinary team up (MDT) opposition whilst on my two-week placement at a local mental health day hospital. The aim of this essay is to discuss the richness of the multidisciplinary team within the mental health environment and discuss factors that can influence the success or mischance of multidisciplinary teams.Mental health teams gener all(prenominal)y play of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, occupational therapists and social doingers, but other therapists such as family therapists, psychotherapists and counsellors might also become involved in the alimony of the patient (Perkins & Repper 1998).Multidiscipline inter-group communication is important within mental health nursing as people with mental health problems have multiple needs, so a variety of expertise is required to meet the needs of these people (Darby et al 1999).Multidisciplinary mental health teams can been defined asA group of practi tioners with different professional training, active by more than one agency, who meet regularly to coordinate their work providing services to one or more clients in a defined empyrean (Ovretveit,1993 9 cited in Onyett 2003)The advantage of a multidisciplinary team approach is that all professionals work together by collecting the facts and by bringing information together, to arrive as complete a view as possible of the problems of each individual patient. In doing this they are able to make sure that the proper concatenation of treatments are used in a properly castned way (Onyett 2003).One of the disadvantages of a multidisciplinary team is that problems can be encountered when different professionals work together, in that respect can be unclear goals, lack of direction and low leading (Darby et al 1999).In order to structure this reflection I have chosen Gibbs (1988) as the model to help with my reflective process. This model comprises of a process that helps the indi vidual look at a bureau and think about their thoughts andfeelings at the sequence of the incident. Reflective skills help us to think about what could have been done, so that if a similar situation occurs again the experience gained can be used to deal with the situation in a professional manner (Burns et al 1997).To enable me to use this situation for my reflection the patient go forth be referred to as Kate. This is in order that her real name is protected and that confidentially maintained in line with the NMC (2002) Code of Professional Conduct.DescriptionKate is a 66-year-old lady, retired from her art as a nurse 10 years ago. She has lived alone since the death of her husband 7 years ago, and has one actually supportive son who lives locally and visits 2-3 times a week. Kate was referred to the hospital by her doctor after presenting with an 18-month history of memory problems and it was decided that she should attend the day hospital for a period of sextet weeks to be assessed and to be involved in therapeutic activities whilst there.Whilst attending the day hospital she was observed, and found to be repetitive with obvious evidence of fabrication, very disorientated, with poor concentration and very poor short-term memory. The consultant asked the mental health nurses to assess Kate and tests indicated that she may be suffering from a moderate degree of dementia. craziness is a mental disorder caused by structural changes in the brain and affects around ten per cent of people aged over sixty-five (Newell & Gournay 2000).An MDT group meeting was then arranged to discuss the package of care needed for this lady, to enable her to continue living safely in her own home. The Consultant chaired the meeting by bringing the team to the attention of Kates medical history and the problems herself and son had been experiencing. He felt she would benefit from medication to help her memory problems.The community psychiatric nurse (CPN) then discussed to t he team the concerns of Kates son, he had informed her that Kate is wandering at inappropriate times of day and rarely remembering to eat, she is also regularly forgetting to deed off the taps and gas appliances in the house. He is very concerned for the safety of his mother. The occupational therapist suggested she visit to assess Kates safety in her home concerning these issues. The social worker discussed the possibility of home carers but the mental health nurse who knows Kate well, tells of her concerns that Kate is never at home.The social worker suggested a effect meeting involving the son who could possibly ensure that his mother takes her medication regularly and to try and ensure that she remains at home until the carers arrive.It was agreed that if this did not work or was unsuitable for Kate or her son, any problems identified could be discussed and resolved at a future MDT meeting.FeelingsI felt very comfortable and very accepted within the MDT meeting. The atmosphere was friendly and relaxed and everybody there seemed to have something to contribute. Everyone was encouraged to participate and I felt that I could have contributed to the discussion if I had know the patient better. I feel they would have listened to my ideas and not dismissed them due to me being a student. Everybody communicated well with each other and had the best interests of Kate in wit and so discussions were made until the best outcome was achieved for her. This demonstrates the benefit and importance of communication within a team and how all contributions within meetings should be valued (Perkins & Repper 1998). valuationThere are many positive aspects of this particular MDT they all worked well together as a team with the same goal in mind. The team discussed all the different options available and all the problems that might arise and lookedto the future to discuss further meetings to assess if the package of care put into place was suitable.I found it very interestin g to see a MDT in action and witness the teamwork between different disciplines. With the help and support provided by her son and the MDT Kate will hope fully be able to remain living in her own home, safely for as long as possible.The disappointing aspect of this case is that if Kate is never at home when the CPN, and carers arrive this can have a negative impact on the package of care put in place, and residential care may need to be considered at a later date.AnalysisThis particular mental health team worked extremely well together, the consultant chaired the meeting and was the leader of the meeting. Onyett (2003) suggests that the presence of a clear team leader is associated with team effectiveness.The NMC (2002) states than nurses should work in a collaborative manner with healthcare professionals and others involved in providing the care for the patient, and recognise and respect their particular contributions within the care team. The case of Kate is evidence of a multidis ciplinary team and health professionals working together and breaking raft barriers to provide the correct package of care for this individual.Kates illness not only affects her but also members of her family who are trying their best to support her, Darby et al (1999) states that theses difficulties can have a profound impact not only on the life of the individual who experiences them, but also on the lives of those around them. The MDT were fully aware of this and so arranged a case meeting with the son so that all the different options could be discussed.Kate wanders off alone unaware of the time of day or night. Whilst someonewith dementia wandering off and getting lost on a cold night is clearly in danger, light can be done to make a person stay indoors against their bides. Perkins & Repper (1998) discusses the difficult balance between the wishes, demands and rights of the individual to live as they wish and professional codes of conduct which impose upon the health profess ionals a duty of care to ensure the safety of the individual.ConclusionIt can be seen from this MDT meeting that clear leadership and good communication between members of the team is vital to ensure they come together with a clear understanding of the outcomes to be achieved and equally equipped with all the information available to overcome patients individual problems. Team working forms the basis of mental health nursing and can influence the success or failure of the care and treatment the patient receives. This effective team has the potential to achieve positive outcomes for both Kate and her son now and in the future if needed.Action planIf I find myself in this type of situation again, I would be more confident in participating in the MDT meeting. I have learnt from this situation that good teamwork and communication between each other is vital to the outcome of the package of care decided. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the multidisciplinary team and the importance of the outcomes of these meetings and how they can affect the patients and familys quality of life, which will help me to think very carefully about the decisions I make concerning patients care in the future. I will address this learning need by working closely with my mentor and other multidisciplinary team members and by reading relevant literature. As a student I am aware that there is a lot more to learn and with more time and experience and with the help of my mentors I will be able to increase my knowledge and understanding of how different disciplines work together.ReferencesBurns, S. Bulman, C. Palmer, A. (1997) Reflective Practice in Nursing The growth of the professional practitioner. capital of the United Kingdom Blackwell Science.Darby, S. Marr, J. Crump, A Scurfield, M (1999) Older People, Nursing & Mental Health. Oxford Buterworth-Heinemann.Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by Doing, A guide to teaching and learning methods. Ch eltenham The Geography Discipline Network. (GDN).Newell, R. Gournay, K (2000) Mental Health Nursing An evidence based approach. London Churchill Livingstone.Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code of Professional Conduct LondonOnyett, S. (2003) Teamworking in Mental Health. Bristol Palgrave Macmillan.Perkins, R. Repper, J. (1998) Dilemmas in Community Mental Health. Oxon Radcliff Medical Press Ltd.

Coffee delight Essay

I agree with Lisas view to a certain extent that the market figure is the most important comp adeptnt in the marketing plan. Harry has set a market determinationive of two million subscribers by 2015 a target that is very ambitious to achieve a fifth of the forecasted market share which is seen as very unrealistic with a basic marketing budget and Robert media plc will need to do a higher proportion on research than normal which will cost a lot more than usual. a nonher(prenominal) reason why the marketing budget is so important is that Robertss media is changing from print format to digital as they seek to achieve their object of increasing ROCE to 8%.Digital media is a new market for the chore and thusly will need extensive research to see what the target markets take and wants are. Although the marketing department had previously won awards for the way it promoted print magazines, but was concerned that the new technology would require a very different approach. As digital is completely different to print media, it obviously needs research conducted. However, Harry is being stubborn and dismissive stating that the marketing budget is un-important and will not domiciliate additional funds.This could therefore mean that the lineagees target the wrong people and that their objective to increase the ROCE to 8% could be dented and un-applicable. The rivals of Roberts media plc are already one step ahead of the business as they were already launching their own digital magazines within the next sic months and had already started their marketing campaign. This will take over a liberal effect on the Roberts media as their targeted customers are already being targeted by rivals which could therefore mean fewer sales in the future.As the business is behind its rivals, a big promotional campaign will be needed in order to attract potential customers away from rivals. A big promotional campaign will require a big marketing budget but is what is needed in order t o out run away its competitors in the race for customers. However, I agree with Harry not to provide addition funds to the marketing budget as the financial situation of the business is not very stable at this moment in time. The return on capital has fallen from 10% to 2% meaning that it will not be wisely toinvest as its not really worth it to invest. Along with the hapless state of ROCE, the current ratio is also in a bad state fallen from 1. 51 to 0. 51. This means for every 50p of current assets the business had ? 1 of liability. Having such a poor financial position will rupture the finance available and will need to use the scares finance available wisely. To conclude, I certainly agree with Lisa that the businesss marketing budget is the most important feature on the marketing plan.This major change from print to digital will cost a lot and will be in need of a big marketing budget to be successful. Also, Roberts media is already behind its rivals on its marketing and ther efore will need something big to attract customers. Finally, Harry has set a very ambitious objective and therefore it will need a big marketing budget to be able to fulfil its purpose. Although the financial state of the business is poor, harry will need to help its marketing team and provide which they feel what is needed as the long run.

Byzantium is short for the Byzantine Empire

Byzantium is short for the Byzantine Empire. It can also be used to refer to the capital metropolis of the papistical Empire, later renamed Constantinople after Emperor Constantine who rebuilt the city into a modern capital of Christianity at the time. Byzantine was heavily influenced by Greece and the Greek glossiness. With that came the Greek mythical gods and icon culture representing ones religious beliefs. Constantinople also became the empower of the pope of the Catholic Church (History of the Byzantine Empire).Icons can be defined as representations of deities, saints or sacred scenes such as the suffering of Christ. In the Byzantine Empire these were very popular and were made from any medium including gemstones, wood, stone, marble, enamel, precious metal, and mosaic. Additionally, they ranged in size from small to huge and were even multi-colour on walls as murals (Brookes). It was believed that these icons would bring success in battle and were often carried when troo ps were going to war. They were also believed to bring healing to the sick and good fortune.By macrocosm in contact with the icons, it was said that one was able to directly communicate with the deity or saint represented by the icon (Brookes). As the culture of creating icons grew, it began to clash with the teachings of Christianity which had taken root as a major religion in the Byzantine Empire. The first commandment in the 10 commandments inclined to Moses understandably stated that there should be no graven experiences made as this would make the people prone to the worship of idols. As such, iconoclasm took root. The term iconoclasm means image breaker which referred to the habit of breaking images for political or religious reasons.In ancient times, if a ruler was conquered by anformer(a), any image of that ruler was quickly bemused by their successor or conqueror, hence the term. In Byzantium, iconoclasm referred to a theological debate that spanned about a century bet ween the state and the church (Brookes). As Christianity grew, the creation of icons was barred by the state and the cross was promoted as the only representation of the church. The main motivation for this was so the people would stop looking to the icons as the source of their healing, good fortune and success and start looking to Christ and by so doing discourage veneration of the icons.The issues surrounding the icons were that whereas one faction proverb the icons as a representation of their faith and salvation, the other group saw them as mere idols. Their argument being that the only representation of Christ given to the church was the holy Eucharist, or Holy Communion (Trakakis). The iconoclast found a dilemma in the icons in that an image of Christ was supposed to ictus the humanity of Christ without taking away the divinity. However, the Godhead could not very well be represented by an image of Christ.The Iconophile, saw it as not trying to capture the divinity or human ity of Christ but the person of Christ, which then tied the human and divine together. To the Iconophile, the fact that Christ had come after in a human body made a depiction of him possible. Therefore whereas Iconoclasts were bent on depicting the spirit as superior to matter, the Iconophile so the created matter as a perfect means to see God in the created matter thus deifying the said matter. This became the crux of the controversy (Trakakis).Procopius keep back mystery story History had been hidden for centuries until it was discovered in the Vatican library and printed in 1623 AD (Glenn). Procopius was a famous historian in the time that Justinian ruled Byzantium. Having written other texts on the Roman Empire in the 6th century, he wrote this secret book that gave the details of how Justinian and his wife Theodora a former courtesan plundered capital of Italy and murdered millions of people. Justinian is said to have forced people into the Christian faith, while his actions remained decidedly contrary to its teachings.He and Theodora made people pay for Justice, belittled their needs and robbed Roman citizens of their property and money. Justinian would side with priests who stole and murdered and even took property from citizens to give to the church thinking that he would have favor with God for doing so (Altwater) This book is significant because it reveals a different side of the history of Byzantium in the time of Justinian, unlike the official annals of history written for the empire. In the Byzantine Empire, irreligious art was seen as leading people to false gods. It was mainly based on the polytheistic Greek gods and was figural.As such, it was shunned by the growing Christian population. Due to the iconoclasm controversy, a good deal of the art of the Byzantine Empire did not reflect one figural scene to avoid the said controversy. Because of the persecution that followed Christians who supported icons, Byzantine religious art shrunk to t hink mainly on the cross and symbolic birds and plants (The Byzantine Empire). The Byzantine Empire is an intriguing time with tales like no other. Ranging from the amphitheaters to the arena where offenders where crucified to death or torn to pieces by wild animals.The religious mix was no less intriguing and the rise of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire brought with it many controversies. Justinian became an enforcer of Christianity in the empire causing its spread, but at the same time going against the tenets of the faith according to the Secret History by Procopius. Additionally, because of the first of the Ten Commandments, there arose a controversy as to whether icons were graven images, which were forbidden, or not. This in turn affected the way the people of Byzantium perceived pagan art, which was mainly based on pagan gods, goddesses and symbols.As such, Byzantine religious art was narrowed down to include the cross and other symbols that bespoke Christianity without c ompelling veneration. Works Cited Atwater, Richard. Procopius of Caeasrea The Secret History. Ann Arbor University of knot Press, 1961. 10 Mar. 2009 Brooks, Sarah. Icons and Iconoclasm in Byzantium. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. 10 Mar. 2009 Glenn, Joshua.A Brief History of Secret Histories. 2008. 10 Mar. 2009 History of the Byzantine Empire. 24 Feb. 2009. 10 Mar. 2009 The Byzantine Empire The Roman-Byzantine Period. 10 Mar. 2009 Trakakis, Nick. What was the Iconoclast Controversy About? Theandros. 2 vols. 2004-2005. 10 Mar. 2009

Executive Summary for Cookie Business

No. 06 Determining water authorization of white potato vine tuber stalls the weighing method If a plant cell is in equilibrium with an external solution of such a concentration that there is not net loss or gain of water, the water voltage of the external solution will be equal to the water latent of the cell. Use of this fact can be made in estimating the water potentiality of a plant tissue. Samples of tissue are immersed in a range of external solutions of different strengths. The solution that induces neither an increase nor a decrease in the volume or mass of the tissue has the same water potential as that of the cells in the tissue.The cells to be investigated in this experiment are those of the potato tuber. Changes in mass will be used as an indication of whether the cells are taking up or losing water. Procedure 1. Label six specimen tubes distilled water, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5 mol dm-3. Place approximately one third of a tube of distilled water in the first, an d an equal volume of each of a series of saccharose solutions of different strengths and (molarities) in the remainder. Each tube should be firmly stoppered. 2. Using a cork borer and a razor blade, prepare six cheering cylinders of potato.Each cylinder should be approximately 10mm in diameter and 12mm long. Slice up each cylinder into six discs of approximately equal thickness. Place each multitude of discs on a separate piece of filter stem. 3. Weigh each conclave of discs. (In each case weigh them on the piece of filter paper alone, and subtract the one from the other to get the mass of the discs). Record the mass of each group. 4. Put one group of discs into each of the labelled tubes and as you hit each group, record its mass. Stopper the latter firmly and leave for not less than 24 hours. 5.After about 24 hours remove the discs from each tube. Remove whatever surplus fluid from them quickly and gently with filter paper, using the standardised procedure for all of them. T hen re-weigh them. Record the new mass of each group of discs. 6. Graph you r results by plotting the percentage remove in mass (change in mass multiplied by 100 divided by pilot film mass) against the molarity of the sucrose solutions. The latter, being the independent variable, should be on the horizontal axis the former on the vertical axis. 7. Calculate the water potential of the potato cells as follows.Find the point on your graph corresponding to a percentage mass change of zero. The molarity of sucrose corresponding to this zero mass change can now be read from the horizontal axis. From table 4. 1 find the water potential of a sucrose solution of that molarity. That is the water potential of your sample of potato cells. Express your result in a kPa. For consideration 1. Criticise this method of finding the water potential of plant cells. How might it be improved? 2. What was the reason for dividing each cylinder into six discs, and why was it necessary to standardise the pr ocedure for drying the discs? . With what kind of plant tissue might it be possible to use a change in volume rather than mass for estimating the water potential? 4. How does the value of the water potential differ from the osmotic potential of the solution in the vacuole? 5. In constructing your graph did you join up the points with straight lines or just a smooth curve? Justify whichever technique you used. molarity (mol dm) Osmotic potential kPa 0. 5 -130 0. 10 -260 0. 15 -410 0. 20 -540 0. 5 -680 0. 30 -860 0. 35 -970 0. 40 -1120 0. 45 -1280 0. 0 -1450 0. 55 -1620 0. 60 -1800 0. 65 -1980 0. 0 -2180 0. 75 -2370 0. 80 -2580 0. 85 -2790 0. 0 -3000 0. 95 -3250 1. 00 -3500 Table4. 1 Relationship between molarity and osmotic potential of sucrose solutions

Ethical Issues in Business

2. Ethical Issues in Business. It seems that every day in the news we argon hearing of new companionship that has acted at least un goodly and possibly illegally in the procedure and financial reporting of their companys business dealings. There argon many ethical issues in business. One major issue that we see is over and under reporting net income. Companies like to show that every shit the net income of the business has an growth or profit. In order to show this they adopt unethical or illegal means in the operation and financial reporting.One such method is the indiscriminate use of dividing line options for employees that enable companies to take employment costs off balance sheet and inflate earnings. With the recent ethical issues we have had companies over the years it is important that we pay close attention to financial reporting provided by companies. This method testament reduce the equilibrium impairment and increase equilibrium quantity for this companys product s and services. The reason for this is that the hire is bill is shown lower than what it actually is. This feats the supply curve to shift to the right.With an increase in supply, if the firm is a monopoly/oligopoly/monopolistic competition, there allow for be a decline in the price of the product of the firm. In case the firm is operating in perfect competition, there bequeath only be an increase in the quantity the company sells in the market. The scenario exposit above indicates that there is a shift in the supply curve, in other words the costs atomic number 18 shown to be lower than what they actually argon at the time. The supply curve shift to its right merely its elasticity is non affected.As the method described above does not relate to beg, the elasticity of want is not directly affected. Any market structure, perfect, monopoly, oligopoly or monopolistic competition, the same ethical issues arise, the salary cost is underreported because of the use of stock optio ns. This means costs are shown at a lower rate and boodle are inflated. The decision to show inflated profits is unethical. From the deontological ethical perspective it is the duty of the management to show the correct profits and not inflated profits. Chapter 3, question 14Assuming that the demand and supply for premium coffees are in equilibrium, the price will be at a constant, without significant pressure from the market. If Starbucks introduced the world to premium blends, this would cause a positive shift in the demand curve. There a higher equilibrium price and higher quantity when demand increases and supply stay on unchanged. As prices increase, and the market moves to a new equilibrium, we will see higher wages, more advances and investments in engineering science and infrastructure, and greater competition.As production become more efficient and competition becomes greater, supply will increase and cause prices to settle back down. There are several factors that will impact the long-term equilibrium, such as changes in supply. For example, if a hard freeze eliminated Brazils premium coffee crop, this would cause a banish shift in the supply curve. Assuming demand remains constant a negative shift in the supply curve will cause quantity to decrease and equilibrium price to increase. Research shows that in 2011 a frost occurred in Brazils southeastern coffee growing belt.Traders worried that near years yields could be hurt. At the same time, heavy rains during harvest forced Columbia to reduce its crop envision for 2011. Understanding the impact of problems along the supply cooking stove and how the changes in supply will impact prices in the market allows real world investors to make predictions of price in the future. This is important for businesses along the supply chain as well, in order to stay ahead of the curve when making strategic business decisions. ? Chapter 5, enquiry 17Assuming there is a large rise in the demand for computer chips and potato chips. Potato chips manufacturers will be able to respond to a rise in demand quicker than a computer chip manufacturer. This is due to the fact that potatoes are more readily available, and the process for making potato chips is not as involved or difficult. The tools, materials and highly skilled labor force it takes to manufacture computer chips are more complex and will require more time to complete. Both manufacturers may attempt to slope up production by adding another shift to the existing production line.Another option in the pitiful run may be to contract another company to assist with the manufacturing as the demand increases or purchase/rent additional equipment to expand the production lines as needed to keep up with the demand and process request. In the overall big picture the positive shift in demand will put pressure on the market for increased competition. In order to maintain market dowery and maintain competitive advantage, both manufacturers w ill need to deliver value to the customer either in the form of a differentiated product or lower prices. In the long run, both of these priorities will be achieved through investment.A decision will have to be made that either investment in more efficient production and supply chain management, or more investment in a better product that stands out in the market. The long run success will also be dependent on the abilities of the entire supply chain to keep up with demand. If the demand is large but you are unable to meet the demand and supply the products it means nothing. The disadvantage of the potato chip company is that no matter how many potato chip factories you build, the manufacturer is still at the mercy of how many potato crops can be grown in a given season.

Teen Pregnancy Paper

There argon hundreds of babies born each day. The scary and quite alarming fact ab appear this is near of those moms are jejuneagers. Teen pregnancy has become an issue that affects numerous families in the United States. in endure Parenthood has reported an average of adept million girls gets pregnant, and that is between the ages of 12-17. A staggering eighty-three pct of these pregnancies are to poor or low income families. Statistics have shown that seventy-eight percent of these pregnancies were unplanned and four unwrap of ten were aborted.Although the numbers have plunged from five years ago, they are still uncomfortably high. The issue of teen pregnancy needs to be addressed corpus on otherwise this sweeping trend forgeting soon become a dangerous norm. In most cases the only individuals that are for this issue are the teen mothers, and hopefully fathers, while the vast majorities against it are the families, schools, and society the girls are surrounded with. It is believed that the reason most young ladies are in support of pregnancy varies from the inability to go through with an abortion to skin senses the need to be accepted.Teen fathers should be there for their girlfriends because they have also played a major determination in the situation, that sadly a large number decide not to stick around. Families tend to be in opposition to the pregnancy due to financial and some beats religious aspects. It is also baffling to comprehend the idea society has seemed to turn its back on teen moms when a solution is decisive at this time. The assistance that is bringing much business sector to this matter is the trend following it. Meaning, many jr. girls are thinking its in to have children at a younger age and go on to multitudes of girls having babies at a very young age.In result of this, much and more girls are getting a lower education due to dropping out of school. Also the expectations girls have for themselves and their lives are d ecreasing. A juvenile poll by Seventeen magazine revealed that five percent of teen moms go on to arrive at a college degree. If thats not shocking, more than half of teen moms go on to have a second child following the first. Along with this issue as a whole, a major concern is the fact that four out of ten pregnancies are aborted. This might not sounds like much, but when it is verbalize in the thousands it is an extremely high number.It appears that most girls are relying on the ability to abort rather than the anovulatory drug or other forms of contraceptives. If these options werent out there then teenage sex would hardly be a concept let alone the increasing outcomes of teen pregnancy. Schools have been trying over the onetime(prenominal) decade or so to educate students on safe sex and sensory faculty. However, this education hasnt been overflowing to drive the rates down to an acceptable level. If the teaching of this matter is spread out more and the awareness of dis eases is also brought up, the numbers of teenage pregnancy will decline along with it.The media in some cases has brought attention to it, but has done it in a harmful way. In the summer of 2009, MTV kicked off a naked series called 16 and Pregnant. This show was to show the lives of girls who had gotten pregnant at 16. Most episodes revealed hardships each one went through and their decisions when it came to their unborn child. During the show there would be statistics on teen pregnancy and commercials about where to sense help. All this seemed purely education until they continued the series for three more seasons as well as made a spin of series to showcase the growing lives of the first teen moms.The problem with this media is most of the episodes are now giving girls the idea that it is acceptable to have a child at a young age and even though there are hardships, things will still work out one way or another. Personally, the thought has crossed my mind a time or two, but rea lity sets in when I see real moms at my high school struggling vindicatory to get their diploma and juggle all the stresses of a baby. The shift of focus that needs to happen is, unfortunately, more of the bad side of pregnancy and parenting need to be shown in order to scare our youth.At the same time there isnt profound public attention since this issue has never been fully addressed head on due to that fact it is a touchy subject. As with sweeping dirt under a rug for example, the more dust is swept under the rug the more it accumulates, then the problem becomes impermissible to manage. The same applies regarding teen pregnancy, the sooner education and a plan for the future is composed, the sooner this epidemic will come to a screeching halt. As long as individuals are armed with facts and have a driving force, the easier this issue will become obsolete.Although I possess all this information, there is still a lot more investigating on this topic that could be done. Are there more saloon programs or assistance for the teen mothers and families that we dont know about? What can the government do to eradicate teen pregnancy? In order to learn more about this, my plan would involve searching the internet and possibly contacting Planned Parenthood to obtain these answers. The widespread trend of pregnancy extends push than just the teens it affects and society must handle this before it becomes intolerable.

Analysis Of Array Waveguide Based Interleaver Engineering Essay

In the 20 first century, has mo noneithic demands in the usage and handiness of digital communication systems cuttal ability, it has dislodge to an important issues to construct up thin street lay and bigger furrow cipher of speech multiplexers/ demultiplexers ( MUXs / DEMUXs ) for dense cockle length division multiplexing ( DWDM ) structures. In the contemporary, equipt ruffler escape come up ( AWG ) , thin-film coating, and character Bragg grate be major engineerings for manufacturing MUXs / DEMUXs. 1 This study covers the basic operation and rules of ( AWG ) Array Wave film Based Interleaver. And the study covers the basic rule of take off theory. And the public intro analysis of AWG with utilizing opti system softwear.And alike in communicating mesh whole works, fibre optics webs argon most rewarding communicating webs. Fibre optics is bloodlineled the transmittal of circumpolar radiation through thin frosting.The purpose of this undertaking is to o lfactory perception into of the operation and interpret of the panoplied roll aside run grates ( AWG ) . And the understand the public presentation of parametric quantities in the wile, and so we investigate those public presentation of parametric quantities and seek to happen how those parametric quantities s rest word impact of the device.Specific al unrivaledy, the base on balls order edges is to a great extent hard to command in visual constituents, such(prenominal) as panoplied roll moderate abrasive ( AWGs ) , ensuing in interior XT public presentation. Interleavers assure that the originally undermentioned transmit atomic number 18 no grander present at the concluding dribble. In sum up-on the usage of interleavers is really effectual for the go down of Rayleigh noise in bi postulateional webs.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESUnderstand and familiarise the cardinal constructs and features of AWG Based InterleaverDevelop and implement of AWG Based Interleaver2. close to OPTICAL FIBER2.1 HistoryFibre optics is utilize circumstantial in the modern universe as modern engineering. The rule of direct of visible radiation through the storytellers optics possible was explained by Jacques and Mr. Daniel in Paris in 1840. 8 In practically ocular roughages ar made by glass. And part is covered with a diaphanous cause to more correct of refractile index. 8 Development of fiber so foc employ on fiber packet boats for image transmittal. Image transmittal through tubing was found soulfulnessly by telecasting founder John Logie Baird and the discoverer of wireless Cl atomic number 18nce Hansel in 1920. 8 2.2 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONFibre optics used for communicating, as transmit signals. graphemes ar used as a medium for telecommunication webs. Optical fiber is really serviceable for transmit signals of the far off congealless communications. T hither(predicate)(predicate) ar benefits of utilizing optical fibers for easy to convey sign als, 2 High flexiblenessHigh dep closureabilityAdequate to its strong velocityDistance of communicating web and Limit the practical velocity because of fading and the dispersal jobs in the fiber. 2 To work forbidden and lie with down fading job seat use of the Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier ( EDFA ) .To resolved disperse of optical fiber still coerce a via media among the transmittal distance and the bandwidth is doing it is mandatory to retread tall velocity of the signals at intervals utilizing opto electronic quoteers. 2 That public presentation usage for powericularly long-distance communications. When compared with galvanizing wires little fading occurred in visible radiation propagates through the fiber. And the Repeaters usage for long distance to modulate to convey signal. Because they are losingss signal. One fiber give the axe be transporting many channel with antithetic moving rooftree lengths.Optical fibres are extensively get in used of fiber ocular communications or stand be contagious signals through the fibres. Because of that signals can be travel with low losingss and the be pl necromancerments opposition to electro magnetic mediation. Here fiber ocular communicating signals allow transmittal more than high bandwidths or informations rates and longer distance. And besides fibres are doing usage of lighting and the wrapped in gawk of fibres and they can be apply to transport images. In the short distance communicating networking within a edifice or little country. unmarried fibre can be transmit big var. of informations than the electrical wires. And besides fibre has electrical intervention. 8 Fibers can be prepared by crystalline plastic, glass or a mixture of the two stuffs. When long-distance telecommunications fibres make usage of merchandise is ever glass, setting of minor optical fading in fibres. together of the single-mode and the multi-mode fibres are doing usage of communicating links. Largely Multi-mode fibres are doing usage of the short infinites ( 550m ) . And the single-mode fibre devising used for long distance communicating links. 8 The ruff solution for that expeditiously improves the functional bandwidth in a construction non including electronic repeaters, and permits realisation of photonic webs by utilizing thick(p) Wavelength variance Multiplexing ( DWDM ) . 2 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) is best efficient procedure. Reason of a figure of transmit can be carried. Each channel carried by dissimilar roamlengths, and they are transmitted through step up the case-by-case optical fiber. Avail of the DWDM used more available bandwidth non including scattering consequence. And the channels using separately channel, efficaciously separated from the other channels. And it can non be dep revokeant of the velocities, protocols and the way of the communicating webs. 2 And besides DWDM helps to the all optical fiber webs architectures. Where on signals are r show uped by utilizing their potherlengths. As the consequence of that, this type of webs are apt(predicate) more flexible and faster, and that can be low dearly-won to maintain up when the compared with other ways. 2 3. present WAVEGUID GREATINS3.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT AWG arrayed Wave take on Grating ( AWG ) is multiplexers / demultiplexers are monotonic pother scout devices.Image and diffusing belongingss are basic foundation on an array roll calculates. They imaging the subject scope in an remark and lay off produce wheel go through on to range wave ushers in such a manner that the assort wavelength signals are presented. 3 In recent old ages, Arrayed Wave absorb Grating ( AWG ) was for the first time discovered by Smit in 1988 and subsequently by Takahashi in 1990 and after that Drag nonpareil in 1991. They are known by under contrastive names Phased Arrays ( PHASARs ) , Arrayed Wave pack Gratings ( AWGs ) , and the Wave make Grating Routers ( WGRs ) . 3 And wave guide grate router ( WGR ) has happen to more and more tr obliteratey as wavelength multiplexers / demultiplexers ( MUX / DEMUX ) for dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM ) applications ( Vellekoop and Smit, in 1991 ) .The acronym AWG invented by Takahashi is the most usually used up name now a yearss. Fibre Bragg Gratings and Thin-Film Filters, AWGs are the generally important sort of filter type used in WDM webs. They are accepted b mop up out to be the principally important develop of Photonic Integrated Circuits ( PIC ) engineering. 4 Recent universe the generally important engineerings are used for AWGs.Indiumphosphide ( InP ) ground semiconducting material engineeringSilica-on-silicon engineeringEqually dependable to that they investigate on Li niobate and silicon-based polymer engineerings allow been shown up any topographic point good. Silica-on-silicon ( SoS ) AWGs have been presented to the sell in 1994 and at present clasp the major portio n on the AWG market. 3 This average peers with fiber and so it relatively simple to partner off them to fibers. High fibre-coupling efficiency of ( losingss in usage of 0.1 dubnium ) and low character reference loss ( less than 0.05 dB/cm ) with they joined. 3 The major trouble is they are relatively large because of their fiber compared wave guide belongingss. They are forbiding the usage of little curves. This is for the present being got better by utilizing hurrying index disparity and the doted-size convertors to maintenance fibre matching low losingss. 3 3.2 ABOUT AWGThis is a current engineering make utilizations of an incorporate array of wave guides as a interleaving and grate. 5 The panoplied wave guide grate ( AWG ) is a two-dimensional wave guide device. 6 And the beam traveling from side to side a device grating shall make an intervention sample, meaning the beam is diffracted merely at clear be givens.The spacial strength of giving out is a map of the grate, the wavelength and the angle of happening. In here different wavelengths will be diffracted in the different angles ( spatially separated ) . Arrayed waveguide grating ( AWG ) is transmit forthing a bantam grate with lithographic engineering and with low losingss. 5 Functions in AWG Transmissive diffraction and grate in largest portion of fibre opticsHarmonizing o the moving ridge length diffracting the beam at the angleThe primary application of panoplied waveguide grates is WDM. By developing AWG, used for demultiplexing and WDM wavelength-division multiplexing ( WDM ) . Initially, developers are identified that AWGs could be mix with other two-dimensional wave guide setup. And the other several(a) maps like, 6 Wavelength-selectable optical masers.Including propelling additionReconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexersEqualization witness 3.2.1 In an panoplied wave guide grating 6 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) is an effectual manner. Where the figure of c hannels, but different wavelengths are in severally channel. Through a individual optical fiber allows transmitted signals, without raising the cause of scattering by utilizing to boot on manus bandwidth. 2 Each channel, time it is expeditiously assortd from the others, could be free in protocol, way of communicating and velocity, all-optical web architecture are dumb by aid of DWDM without want for electro-optical transition where transmit signals are routed harmonizing to wavelength. thitherfore, this sort of web has below characterises when compared to other types, 2 less(prenominal) dearly-won to keepMore flexiblePotentially fasterFigure 3.2.2 An Add / Drop Multiplexer ( ADM ) . 2 Figure 3.2.3 An Optical Cross Connect ( OXC ) utilizing a infinite division exchange 2 In DWDM is done optical wavelength multiplxers / demultiplexers by Arrayed Waveguide Gratings ( AWG ) . Equally good as multiplexing and the demultiplexing maps are death penalty by DWDM. It can be joint wi th other setup to do put or out multiplexers, used to shriek one wavelengths on and off the web, and the brand usage of for the routing, and Cross Connects. These constituents can be inert, harmonizing to wavelength where the signal routing should be fixed, or activated. Where the optical switches are utilized to dynamically route the signals. 7 both circuits are shown evident to the format of informations, can allow map wholly in the optical field and both directional transmit of information. These undertakings permit the creative activity of dissimilar evident optical web. Examples of the terzetto chief sorts of these are explained in the approaching subdivisions. 2 It can set up several remark fibers resembling clip. excitant and end intersection port nexus policy were by experimentation verify and formulated. The device same clip removes the two chief mistakes observed in the before built up device decrease of both wave guide crossings between AWGs and taking off of the status to accurately match the features of the two AWGs. This suggestion will be helpful in cut down device cost. 9 This is because of the information that AWG based constituents that have been shown to be able of the precisely demultiplexing and a big figure of channels, with relatively small loss. Main characters of the N ( end harvesting ) ten N ( foreplay ) AWG MUX / DEMUXes are small loss of fiber to fibre, accurate and the narrow channel spacing, and the polarisation insensitiveness, so the large channel figure, high dependability and stableness, and being appropriate for the immense fruition ( Dragone in 1991 ) . 4 Because of the industry the AWG is open on graded photolithographic engineering, in the combination of the AWG gives so many benefits. Such as,Reduced packaging and illustration costsDependabilityLarge fictionalizationTolerancesConcentrationThe most valuable benefits of the AWG besides include the controlled channel and exactly and the spacing, uniform the interpolation loss and simple and accurate wavelength in stabilisation. 4 3.3. ABOUT INTERLEAVER3.3.1 INTERLEAVER FUNCTIONL TYPESAll maps and filter types are common and periodic in frequency( a ) Partition of channels end crossroad to 14 or higher( B ) Two different ports are used to separate even and techy channels from Original interleaver.( degree Celsius ) Asymmetric interleaver separates one channel.( vitamin D ) Separates even and odd sets of channels from banded interleaver,Figure 3.3.1.1 ( a ) Partition of channels end increase to 14 or higher 10 Figure 3.3.1.2 ( B ) Two different ports are used to divorce even and uneven channels from Original interleaver. 10 Figure 3.3.1.3 ( degree Celsius ) Asymmetric interleaver separates one channel. 10 Figure 3.3.1.4 ( vitamin D ) Separates even and uneven sets of channels from banded interleaver 10 In the optical communicating the effectual method for addition the transmittal capacity, was Dense wavelength division multip lexing ( DWDM ) . 10 The cyclic signals of the interleaver can be filter decreases the figure of channels. Fourier setup are necessary to the level base on balls set ( out put signal ) and high isolation rejection set. 10 These intreleavers contrasts in to merely impart bead and add filters. It can be making a individual narrow set of the filter more than a big rejection set. As a consequence of the interleaver needs for lesser Fourier setup, so the crisp border answer higher order and same level top and narrow set filters can be understood with usage few subdivisions. 10 There are many assortments of the blocks of the interlever harmonizing to their maps. The initial design of combines ( or separates ) an uneven channels from even channels through the DWDM combiner. It is indicated by a 12 interleaver. In every channel there is cyclic separation and logical extension. Like as the 14 map Shown. The dissimilar discrepancy of the banded interleaver. Where the channel sets are se parated and sporadically. 10 This is the really difficult to make and filtrate due to filters are roll off must be steeper in the apprisal to the filter clip. At last, in comparison with the old in three filters. The asymmetric filters can cyclically divide one channel. 10 Array Waveguide Gratings ( AWG ) s, and the DWDM devices such as thin movie filters ( TFFs ) and Fibre Bragg Gratings ( FBG ) s, are chiefly used for in systems with channel spacing to the no less than 100 GHz. 11 preserve be spread out the transmittal ability, with lessening in the channel spacing. It is besides named interleaver. The insert of the DWDM wavelengths can be separated by utilizing Interleaver. Each single channel is transmitted really high speckle rate of traffic channels. Besides the chromatic scattering of the constituent is really low. 11 4. BASIC formula OF AWGThe panoplied wave guide grating base interleaver is includes of an array of narrow wave guides. Between a brace of Coupling zo nes or blending parts the signals are running closed from for each one one other. When cyclic wave guides running up to the 2nd commixture part, that input signals foremost enter the commixture part and where they are coupled. 6 After that the light transmitted to the 2nd commixture part. That part the moving ridge signal diffraction and in different angles of different wavelengths, it is similar to a diffraction grate. 6 The uniting part works as a lens to concentrate the diffracted beam in to a series of end product ports on the opposed side. Helpful mediation focuses beam of a uneven wavelength at merely one place on the opposite side, with the ports set up to garner beam at the expected wavelength span, such as typical optical channel slots for WDM. 6 The figure of channels and the figure of end product ports are divided when the channel spacing is multiplied by the figure of channels can be obtained free spectral scope of the device. The wave guides traveling among the t wo combination parts is larger than the figure of channels. 6 AWG is a flattened-waveguide devise transporting out of high transmittal grates. Arrayed wave guides made in plastic, Si, silicon oxide or semiconducting material stuffs like as In phosphates. AWG as a planar wave guide device, it could be made monolithically and integrate with other constituents. 6 4.1 MULTIPLXER / DEMULTIPLEXERArrayed waveguide grates have obtained blessings for WDM with high channel calculates as their agreements permit low cost per channel than the methods footing on distinct optics. When in the research lab editions have reached really finally high channel calculates and the spacing, with channel spacing to 10 GHz and 100s of channels in a individual device. 6 Demultiplexing is the chief intent of the AWGs, with utilizing a individual input presenting a WDM signal and which is demultiplexed and the end product of the optical channels are divided among assorted end product wave guides. For multip lexing in AWGs, the constituent could be reversed with signals at stray wavelengths. And unveiling stray port combined inside of the AWG. 6 Typical AWGs have base on balls sets. It is intimately in Gaussian variety. They are powerful faded beam from the nearby base on balls sets. Though, the complete base on balls set for WDM has a level top conversely than the arched Gaussian extremum. The simplest channel to smoothing the extremum is convenient filtering by rectifying manner beam of visible radiation is carried to the input port, or by rectifying the lengths of the array weaponries of the AWG. 6 One option is to stick on an interleaver to split signals between brace of AWGs. erstwhile is accepting the even channels and the other uneven channels. Another waveguide constituent or AWG is for additional filtering. 6 As the AWG demultiplexer Wavelength routing is the same rules. The of the panoplied wave guide grates diffraction angle depends geometry of the grating engineerin g every bit good as on the angle of the incidence. All the optical channels have to the same angle of incidence when they are come ining through the individual fibers. 6 On the other manus, those inputs signals have different incidence angles if the light enters to the input sociable through the two or more input ports, hence they are diffracted at the dissimilar angles as they appear from the panoplied wave guides grates in the end product of the sociable. When reroute and the rearrange to optical channels delivered by multiple inputs of fibers this consequence can be used to be easy. 6 Harmonizing to that the routing agreement is stiff, channels with the same wavelength wo nt interfere with the each other or to be routed in out of the same wave guide. 6 4.2 APPLICATIONS OF AWGArrayed wave guide grates ( AWG ) s are chiefly experimental used in optical fibre communicating systems or webs. In peculiar those based on the multi-channel transmittal with wavelength division multiplex ing ( WDM ) .In single wavelength channels or channels must be used in combined or separated. It can be the portion of the more complex photonic integrated circuits ( e.g. WDM senders ) .Arrayed waveguide grating can be used for dividing or interleaving the lines in the spectrum of a ace continuum line of descent, or in a pulse maker for extremist short pulsations.5. Operation OF AWGFigure 5.1 Array waveguide Gratings 10 Figure 5.2 Lens mechanism of an AWG 10 Waveguide constellation is formed on a substrate in the Arrayed wave guide grating. Include the undermentioned options in the wave guide constellation.In to the first slab can be coherent One or more optical input wave guides, and the end product side can be connected in to the first slab, one or more optical end product channel Arrayed wave guides, and that waveguides connected to the input side of the 2nd slab.From the catching visible radiation get downing the outside to the first slab and the waveguide propagate visibl e radiation at that place through. In the panoplied wave guide potentiometer many of wave guides in assorted lengths.And the 2nd slab wave guides are linked to end product border of the panoplied waveguide.Then the individual or more of the optical end product wave guides can organized.In the array waveguide grate of claim ( fibre optics ) where different in length from each other. And fibre optics is ( skiding ) concept in mutually-different stuffs.In the panoplied wave guide grate, fibres are separate from each other.Figure 5.3 Conventional representation position of the N X N AWG. 33 Figure 5.4 The Input / Output Free Propagation Region. 34 In usually AWG appliances such as serve the multiplexers, add-drop devices, demultiplexers and filters and the optical Wave Division Multiplexing ( WDM ) and the Dense Wave Division Multiplexing ( DWDM ) uses.Figure 5.3 shows a conventional illustration of the N x N AWG. The instrument includes of two curved in slab waveguide star couplings ( free infinite scope or free extension ranges, FSR ) , linked by a spell off array wave guide with the same length mutation among nearby Array wave guides. 4 The process theory of the AWG multiplexers/demultiplexers can be explained in brief as below. In the input waveguide uninfected propagating is diffracted in coupled into the panoplied wave guide and the slab part by the 1st FSR. The panoplied wave guide has been planned like as the optical tract of the length fluctuation between nearby array wave guides equivalent an figure many of in-between wavelength of the demultiplexer. As a consequence, the field carry at the input gap will be recreated at the end product opening. 4 So, at this in-between wavelength, the beam of light dressed ores in the center of the image surface ( presented that the input wave guide is in-between in the input surface ) . If the input wavelength is re tuned from this in-between wavelength, alterations of stage happen in the array subdivisions. Be cause of this steady tract of the length in fluctuation between nearby wave guides, this stage vary get higher linearly array wave-guides from the inner to outer, That may go on the moving ridge forepart to be slanting at the end product opening. 4 As a consequence, the cardinal point in the plane of image is moved left from the Centre. The pointing of the end product wave guides in the plane of image permits the suited farewell of the assorted among wavelengths. The input includes of a figure of channels, usually among 8 or 40 in industrial devices, transmitted on single frequences. highroad spacing is common in commercial devices. 2 Frequency spacing in has been attained harmonizing to research laboratory state of affairss. The functioning wavelength is normally approximately 1.55 I?m which fading is least in fibre optics. Every wave guide in the AWG be probably to one manner to do sure expected extension throughout the machine. 2 5.1 BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS OF AWGWhen knowi ng of the working theory of AWG take in, it depends on the assorted stuffs, like as polymeric stuffs or silicon oxide, and design conditions. like as diffraction, length difference of nearby panoplied wave guides, chief length of the slab wave guide, free spectral scope ( FSR ) , and maximal value of input and the end product wavelength channels, the maximal figure of the array wave guides. The basic design parametric quantities are summarized in analytical equations as follows 28 5.1.1 LENGTH DIFFERNCE OF AJACENT ARRAY WAVEGUIDThe way length fluctuation among nearby arrayed wave guides a?L is given by the below look 13 Wherenc is the effectual refractile index of AWG,a?L is the way length difference between next arrayed wave guidesi?0 is the totality wavelength of the panoplied wave guide,m is the diffraction order,5.1.2 Free SPECTRAL RANGE ( FSR )Free spectral scope ( FSR ) is a important belongings of the AWG, demultiplexer periodicity is the similar name to the FSR. This cyclicity is because of the information that create interface at the outside FSR can go on for a sum of wavelengths. The free spectral span indicates the frequence spacing and the wavelength among the upper limit of the interface theoretical account due to the cyclic qualities of the AWG transportation map, and could be get as follows. 4 Where,FSR free spectral scopenc effectual refractile index of AWGm order of diffractionng multitude refractile indexi?0 Centre wavelength of the panoplied wave guide5.2 TECHNICAL FIELDIn the communicating field of optical fiber, there can be used an panoplied wave guide grating while specified. In the current innovation connects for panoplied wave guide grate is pull offing the undertaking of the wavelength demultiplexing and multiplexing of optical signals of many wavelengths. 14 In the panoplied waveguide grating can be arranged one or more optical fiber input wave guides.In the first slab wave guides are linked to the optical input wave g uides which is in the end product sides. And panoplied wave guide is linked to the end product side wave guides of first slab. And the 2nd slab wave guide are linked to the end product side of the panoplied wave guides. And there can beordered one or more optical fiber end product wave guides. 14 The panoplied wave guide is provided by the propagating of the light end product from and the plurality of wave guides and the first slab waveguide arranged. Nearby channel wave guides are assorted in lengths by predefined lengths. And the panoplied wave guide provides to the each one of signal for a stage fluctuation is in the panoplied wave guide grates. Normally, a big figure of channel wave guides are included the panoplied wave guide. 14 On the array wave guide grate, when the wavelength division multiplexed of optical signal including signals can be property wavelengths I1, I2, I3 to . In. One optical input wave guide can be entered those wavelengths. Then after that this signal fo rwards to the optical input wave guides and in to the first slab wave guides. Then the signal is diffracted and spread by the first slab wave guide and it is transmitted to the panoplied wave guide to propagate there through. 14 After arrayed wave guide go throughing through, the signals enter the 2nd slab of wave guide in articulation of and so the end product from the optical wave guides. And the channel of the wave guides in the panoplied wave guides are all different in lengths, the stage difference between appears in each of the signals are that have passed through out of the panoplied wave guides. In Oder to this stage differences, the moving ridge forms foreparts of the signals are tilt. And this tilt angles are determines of the focal points of the signals. 14 In this ground of the central points of the signals are holding different different wavelengths differ from each other and the consequently optical end product of the wave guides are formed at the respective(prenomin al) in the focal points. Within this constellation, the signals are different the wavelengths are an extracted by the optical end product wave guides severally. Then the completing of the map as a wavelength division demultiplexer of an panoplied wave guide grate. 14 The panoplied wave guide grates are taken by advantage of rule and the reversibility of optical circuits. And the panoplied wave guide grate besides handles in the map of the wavelength division multiplexers. And every bit good as wavelength division demultiplexer. The reversing in the above described in the process, when the signals are holding differing wavelengths I1, I2, I3 to .In enter several optical end product of the wave guides. The signals are passes through the above mentioned of the extension way in contrary. And in the 2nd wave guide slab, signals are multiplexed. And the panoplied wave guide and the first slab wave guides and end product of the optical fiber input wave guides.In by and large, as an panopl ied wave guide grates are chiefly made of the silicon oxide based with glass. 14 6. Lab ExperimentIn the research lab experiment Opti system package was used to analyzing public presentation of Array Waveguide Based Interleaver. In here I used to AWG N x N multiplexer.An AWG N x N multiplexer construction is shown in Figure 6.1Figure 6.1 Soft run off construction of AWG.Figure 6.2 Soft ware belongingss of AWGChiefly in AWG can be configure as,Size with N inputs between 2 and 1000Configuration Mux and De-muxFrequency Between 30 and 300000 THz.Bandwidth Numeral value between 0 and 1e+100 GHz.Frequency Spacing Numeral value between -10000 and 10000 GHz.In practically we use of following sets and the wavelength ranges,SetDescriptionWavelength RangeO setOriginal1260 to 1360 millimicronTocopherol setExtended1360 to 1460 nmS setShort Wavelengths1460 t0 1530 nanometerC setConventional ( Er window )1530 to 1565 nanometerL setLong Wavelengths1565 to 1625 nanometerU setUltra long Wav elength1625 to 1675 nanometer* ( 1530 nm t0 1650 nm Dense WDM )Table 6.1 Wavelength scopes 8 To the AWG can be input in N frequences. Each channel will go out through a different end product, harmonizing to its wavelengths and frequence. AWG input with an suited design, the channels will be issue and separated through assorted end products.In this experiment used the C set for practical.6.1 AWG WORK AS MULTIPLEXERFigure 6.1.1 Setup of AWG usage as MultiplexerFigure 6.1.2. stamp out product of the five channelsThis subdivision, is described the experimental consequences of the multiplexer utilizing an AWG. Figure 6.1.3 shows of the experimental apparatus in rudimentss. In the experiment, separated two channel optical signals ( With utilizing optical Trans metres ) multiplexed by utilizing AWG. And the observation can be taken by the optical spectrum analyser.Figure 6.1.3 simple construction of the Simulation of AWG usage as mux.Figure 6.1.4 one of the end products of the two channe ls with spacing.Figure 6.1.5 one of the end products of the two channels with addition spacing.Input frequencies- 1530nm & A 1565nmIn AWG,Configure Mux, Frequency- 1550nm.Change the frequence spacing of the optical sender.Wavelength ( Am )Frequency spacing ( nanometer )Figure 6.1.6 frequence spacing and wavelength diagramThe diagram shows the fluctuation of frequence spacing and wavelength. That is additive diagram.6.2 AWG WORK AS DE-MULTIPLEXERFigure 6.2.1 Setup of AWG usage as De MultiplexerFigure 6.2.2 End product of the three channelsIn this subdivision, described the experimental consequences of the AWG utilizing de multiplexer. Figure 6.2.3. shows the simple experimental apparatus. In this experiment, separated two channels input the multiplexer. In the end product of multiplexer in put the AWG.After that observes the end product of signal diagrams of optical spectrum analyser.The bearer wavelength of the channels 1 and 2 are 1530 nanometer and 1540 nanometer severally. For t he Demux strategy, we used opt system soft ware a commercially available in AWG.The centre frequence of the AWG was set to the 1560 nanometer. And they perform desired to the Demux operation.Figure 6.2.3 simple construction of the Simulation AWG usage as de mux.Figure 6.2.4 two optical end product of the AWG de muxThe figure shows the Separation between the bearers and the two sidebands. There can be seen by a considerable sum of the unsuppressed optical bearers.In this experiment, foremost filtered the bearer signal and the lower sideband of the channels 1 and 2 with utilizing the AWG as shown in Figure6.2.3 because we used an AWG, each demultiplexed channel can non be at the same time detected. The channel choice was made by seting the input ports of the AWG. The bearer and the sideband of the unsought channel are suppressed by the desired bearer and the sidebands of the channels severally.Figure6.2.5 frequence spacing and wavelength diagramThe diagram shows the fluctuation of fre quence spacing and wavelength. That is additive diagram.In here more clearly and shows the shifted in end product signals of the in-between wavelength through to the outside ushers. Figure proves the grow version of the in-between channel.AWG is includes of a diffraction of the lens and the grate and the slender end product split with a spatially modeled of the mask on extremum of the grates. This needed provides an end product of the temporal wave form. But that is a precisely scaled version of the input spacial profile at the grate. 15 In cherished of a cyclically ailing input of the spacial form creates a on a regular basis separated explode of pulsations. An AWG could be thought about to the incorporated pulsation signifier where the array wave guide relates to the grates of the lens grouping in the majority equipment and the AWG end product waveguide groups to the greater portion optics end product. 15 The spacial wave guide theoretical account next to the end product of the AWG array portion is correspondent to the cyclically moderated spacial visible radiation on the greater portion grating the optics this clarifies the close lucifer among the highly high velocity pulsation explodes made here via lighting of an AWG and antecedently utilizing pulse makers. And besides the greater portion optics such as the AWG is able of bring forthing legion spatially divided and wavelength moved but else the same transcripts of the pulse explode. 15 As this berth for brand usage of an AWG is earlier undiscovered, it is important to in brief express the optical power strength. Mentioning to the effectivity for a lone end product channel is approximately known by the base on balls set breadth separated. When the setup is planned so that end product channels are put by, the legion end product channels is approximately. So, the entire optical power effectivity is known by the efficiency for a individual channel period the figure of channels as the consequence. 15 In reappraisal of the experiment, we have to uncover in the first clip for our acquisition, the coevals of trains of the pulsations at terahertz repeat velocity is likely from an AWG. The cardinal conditions are that the device must be modified. And the multiple filters of base on balls sets of the signal tantrum within the input of the optical maser bandwidth. And the end product pulse repeat frequence is equal to the free spectral scope, or every bit the antonym of the hold of an addition per direct in of the array waveguide part. 15 The end product temporal profile is invariant crosswise different end products of the same device, but the in-between wavelength moves from one end product to the following with the billhook of displacement given by the channel spacing of the device. 15 In the pulsation spectrum breadth of an single pulsations in the end product train is verified by the input pulse breadth. These sole belongingss are license for coevals of the same wavelength shift ed and really high velocity of the pulsation trains for intercrossed TDM ( Time Division Multiplexing ) and the WDM ( Wavelength Division Multiplexing ) communications and photonic signal processing. In the hereafter, we anticipate that similar experiments may be performed with a high-repetition-rate of the beginning ( 10s of GHz ) , which lead to really closely spaced or even uninterrupted THzs pulse should split. 15 6.3 AWG WORK AS INTERLEAVERFigure 6.3.1 simple construction of the simulation of AWG usage as Interleaver.In this simmulation input the sevaral frequncy by utilizing optical transmetters. And fall in the ideal mux and AWG. Out put of the ideal mux showen in figure 6.3.2. there is seven ( 7 ) frequncies with multiplexed out put.Figure 6.3.2 optical end product of MuxFigure 6.3.3 optical end product of optical spectrum Analyzer.In this figure can place chief end product of quatern ( 4 ) frequences are interleaving.Figure 6.3.3 optical end product of optical spectrum An alyzer-1.In this figure can place chief end product of other three ( 3 ) frequences are interleaving.7. TIME PLANE8. CONCLUTIONIn the changing universe, most things are altering into electronic based systems and the easy portion of the operations. As the consequence of this, optical fibres are usage to communicating. Now a twenty-four hours s optical fibres are overlap with applied scientific discipline and technology designs and the applications of the equipments.In this undertaking is investigated theoretically the basic design parametric quantities of panoplied wave guide grate ( AWG ) with utilizing opti system package. In the experiments used the C-band s spectral scope ( from 1530 nanometer to 1565 nanometer ) . And have been demonstrated theoretically that the lower limit of the diffraction order and the maximal figure of the input and the end product wavelength channels, and so the maximal figure of the panoplied wave guides. Besides have to look into the optimisation desig n and the parametric quantities of AWG for a C-band application.By utilizing opti system package comparing the fluctuation of frequence spacing and wavelength constellation with AWG. That configures with two types, multiplexer and the de multiplexers. Got readings with altering frequence spacing. Those are additive diagrams. The ground for that frequence spacing fluctuation is additive for both multiplexrs and de multiplexer constellations in AWG. The cognition was addition about the how to work with the soft ware and the constituents can be use in imitating procedure by utilizing opti system package.9. Reference 1 Yinchieh Lai. Arrayed wave guide grating DWDM interleaver , OFC 2001 Optical Fiber conference Conference and Technical Digest Postconference Edition ( IEEE ) , 2001 2 hypertext transfer protocol //www.nottingham.ac.uk/ggiemr/downloads/SL_chapt2.pdf 3 Xaveer J. M. Leijtens. Arrayed Waveguide Gratings , Springer Series in Optical Sciences,2006 4 hypertext transfer p rotocol //www.apollophoton.com/apollo/APNT/APN-APSS-AWG.pdf 5 hypertext transfer protocol //www.comsoc.org/ci/private/1998/dec/Sadot.html 6 Hecht, Jeff. in the raw household of constituents emerge from arrayed waveguide grates interior decorator are utilizing AWGs to make a , laser Focus World, Dec 2003 Issue 7 hypertext transfer protocol //www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajeas/ajeas22317-323.pdf 8 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber 9 O. Moriwaki. Interleaved Waveband MUX/DEMUX Developed on Single Arrayed-Waveguide Grating , OFC/NFOEC 2008 2008 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 02/2008 10 S. Cao. Interleaver engine room Comparisons and Applications Requirements , daybook of Lightwave Technology, 2004 11 Wang, Q.. Optimal design of a flat-top interleaver based on cascaded M-Z interferometers by utilizing a familial algorithm , Optics Communications, 20030901 12 Qin, Z.-K.. Analysis for fict ion mistakes of panoplied wave guide grating multiplexers , Optics and Laser Technology, 200803 13 D.E. Leaird. Generation of high-repetition-rate WDM pulsation trains from an arrayed-waveguide grate , IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 3/2001 14 A. Kaneko et Al, Recent advancement on AWGs for DWDM applications, IEICE trans.Vol.E83-C, no.6, 2000. 15 ITU-T specification study G.709 and G.975 16 Journal of Light wave Technology, Vol.21, No.8, Aug 2003 17 E. S. Koteles, Integrated two-dimensional wave guide demultiplexers for high denseness WDMapplications, Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol.18, pp. 1999. 18 John M. Senior Optical FiberCommunication 19 IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2001 20 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber 21 Y. Inoue, H. Takahashi, and et Al Elimination of polarisation sensitiveness in silicabasedwavelength division multiplexer utilizing a polyimide half waveplate, J.Lightwave Technology, vol .15, no.3, pp1947-1957, 1997. 22 hypertext transfer protocol //www.freepatentsonline.com/7539368.html 23 C. Doer et al. , IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.11, 581 ( 1999 ) . 24 K. Takada et al. , IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett.az13, 1182 ( 2001 ) . 25 C. Dragone- optical multiplexer and two-dimensional agreement of two starcouplings, IEEE Phot. vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 812-815, 1991. 26 M. K. Smit and A. R. Vellekoop Four channel integrated-optic wavelengthmultiplexer with weak polarisation dependance, Lightwave Technology. , vol. 9, no. 3,pp. 310-314, 1991. 27 hypertext transfer protocol //www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/04.html 28 Rajiv Ramaswami & A Kumar N. Sivarajan. , Optical Networks 29 M. K. Smit and C. van Dam, PHASAR-Based WDM-Devices Principles, Designand Applications , IEEE J. of Sel. Subjects in Q.E. , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 236-250, 1996. 30 IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.17, No.12, Dec 2005 31 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malay sia-VOL. 10, NO. 2, 2008. 32 K. Okamoto, rudiments of optical wave guides, New York Academic, pp. 359,2000. 33 P. MuE?noz, D. Pastor and J. Capmany, Analysis and design of panoplied wave guidegrates with MMI couplings Optical Communications Group Universidad PolitA?ecnica deVera signal-to-noise ratio, 4607 34 S.Musa, Borreman, Multimode arrayed waveguide greating demultiplexer , University of Twente, Light wawe Devices Group. 35 H. Takahashi, Arrayed wave guide grating for wavelength division multiplexer withnanometer declaration, Electron. Lett. , vol. 26, pp. 87-88, 1990. 36 www.oplink.com/shop/images/uploads/AWG50.JPG 37 C. Dragone, optical multiplexer utilizing a two-dimensional agreement of two star, IEEE Photon. ( 1991 )