A Comparative Analysis: Juvenile and Adult Courts

For many years, people rush believed that the modern justness musical arrangement was meant to serve as a vogue to protect the community. Juveniles who commit crimes are antithetical from crowings beca function many do not understand the complexity of the crime committed. In order to respond to these differences, many states have established a way to treat these adolescents through teenage coquettes and youth-based recovery clay of ruless. time most states cognize that juveniles who commit crimes should not be treated as an adult there are steady nigh that are skeptic that the juvenile justice system works.The juvenile justice system began in 1899, in Chicago, Illinois where the nations first juvenile system was established. In the beginning the system was informal and oftentimes times it was nothing more than a conversation between the juvenile and a judge (Juvenile jurisprudence Center, 2013). Over the years the system has changed signifi tooshietly where juvenile speak to of laws have created a probation system which provided a different method to provide juveniles with guidance, supervision, and education.By the 1920s all in all but two states had followed the suit but it was not until the sixties where the juvenile justice system was given several of the same legal rights as the adult court. thither are many differences between the juvenile and adult criminal systems but they also share their similarities. While their differences vary depending on the state, the similarities can be said to be our natural born rights. One of the of import similarities is the right to an attorney (LaMance, 2013). The defendant has the choice of either choosing a public defender to represent them or to hire a paid attorney.Both courts not only give their defendants the right to cross-examine witnesses but also the perk against self-incrimination. The pursuit must also provide proof beyond a reasonable doubt in the first place either of the two can be charged and convicted (LaMance, 2013). The two also share the right to converge a transcript of the proceedings and the rights to have an appellate court review the lower courts decision. One of the main differences is the overall goal for both courts.While the goal for the adult court is topunish and convict, the juvenile justice system prefers the method of rehabilitation and reformation, thus giving the juvenile a chance to get a productive citizen (LaMance, 2013). Unlike adults, juveniles do not have the right to a public exam and an adjudication hearing is required in order for the judge to determine if the minor is a delinquent. If considered a delinquent, the court then decides which steps should be taken where the best interest for the juvenile is taken into consideration.The juvenile court is still more informal than that of the adult court (LaMance, 2013). An example of their informality is the rule for admissibility of evidence which is a lot more lenient in the juveni le court. Lastly juveniles are usually not prosecuted for the delinquent acts that he or she has committed. However depending on the severity of the crime and state laws, juveniles can be transferred and tried in the adult system (LaMance, 2013). The adjudication process in which juveniles are transferred to the adult system varies by state.While some states change the transfer of certain juveniles with a waiver, depending on their age and offense criteria, other states consider the juvenile to be an automatic adult (OJJDP National written report Series Juvenile in Court, 2013). Although all states allow juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal court there are a few passel that follow. All states except for Nebraska, New Mexico, and New York provide a judicial waiver where the juvenile court judge has the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer cases to the adult court.Other states have a concurrent jurisdiction where the original jurisdiction for certain c ases is shared by both juvenile and adult courts. The discretion under the concurrent jurisdiction is left to the prosecutor. Statutory exclusion is the legislative method, which mandates juvenile prosecution in adult court. Youths charged with certain crimes can be placed in the adult system automatically, thus removing any kind of decision making process from judges or prosecutors (OJJDP National Report Series Juvenile in Court, 2013).In recent years states have significantly expanded legislation for allowing the use of judicial waivers. This trend has increased the number of juveniles incarcerated throughout the United States and has expectations to rise. Having a juvenile treated as an adult gives them the possibility of life or death sentences and incarceration in state of federal prisons which can have a tremendous impact on the life and future of a juvenile (Find Law, 2013).Although it may be served as a deterrent to some, sending juveniles directly to the adult criminal cou rt gives the juvenile the impression that there is no room for rehabilitation or second chances, thus paving the way for a life of crime for others. Since the late 1970s, critics of the juvenile justice courts have pursued to abolish this system with the assumption that this system has failed its purpose, to rehabilitate juveniles (LaMance, 2013). Abolishing juvenile courts holds ramifications for not only juveniles but also the community.Eliminating these courts would mean that all juveniles, no matter the age or crime, would be treated as an adult. Many jobs and careers would be alienated for those who have committed their lives to making a difference in the juvenile justice system, jobs such as social workers, juvenile detention guards, and juvenile probation officers. An argument can be made to abolish this system but the idea that young offenders whom are not mentally competent to understand their behavior still stands (LaMance, 2013).Therefore juveniles should be handled in a different court system. The juvenile justice system has grown and changed good since 1899. The justifications of the juvenile court system are that youth are developmentally different from adults and should not be treated the same. Having a system that focuses on the needs of children, who are maturing into adulthood, not only gives the community apply but also gives the juvenile a real chance to rehabilitation and recovery.

A library of ancient information

Inside most of the cells in each human being resides molecules cognize as DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. These molecules atomic number 18 make up of 4 different bases which ar assigned the letters G, C, A and T (for guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine) and the manner by which these bases are arranged or sequenced defines the particular kind of protein that they will give rise to.Given that humans are highly complex organisms, it is natural and correct to assume that we are made up of a big number of different proteins that are coded for by an equally large number of different DNA sequences known as genes (Krogh, 2003).The totality of an organisms genes is known as its genome and since each gene provides the instructions for devising a specific protein, the genome can be thought of as a collection or subroutine library of instruction manuals for producing all the proteins necessary for an organism to function normally and survive (Krogh, 2003).This collection though, is not iodin that is built up as the organism grows but rather, matchless that is inherited from the organisms parents. valet de chambre beings have 46 sets of these instruction manuals called chromosomes.Chromosomes come in duets but during reproduction, only half of each pair is passed on by each parent to their offspring so that the offspring would likewise end up having a total of 46 chromosomes (Krogh, 2003). This goes on for each new generation of offspring produced and so if we analyze to trace things back we can imagine how we have, for example, inherited the gene for our particular hair color from either our mother or father, and how they in turn have likewise inherited theirs from either of their parents.Going a long way back towards our ancestors generation, we can therefore imagine ourselves as having inherited inside us a library of ancient instruction manuals which tell our body how to produce proteins practically the same way that they have been produced in our ancest ors.Naturally though it would be expected that during the course of time, modifications may have been made in these instructions but the fact still remains that these basic instructions were passed on from one generation to the next so that the information it carries may serve succeeding generations.

Definition of terrorism (international, state and religious) Research Paper

Definition of terrorism (inter stateal, state and religious) - Research wallpaper ExampleThis research generally discusses the delicate issue of terrorism. In the introduction, a brief background is disposed about its origin and the general understanding that community abide about terrorism. In the identification number the unquestionable meaning of terrorism is coursen to try and shed light on the variant misconceptions that people have. The essay continues to unfold the different kinds of terrorism that exist, that is international, religious, and state terrorism, giving the differences and similarities that exist between them. The police detective also goes deeper to give the different groups that are classified in each kind such as Al-Qaeda and some(prenominal) more others. At the end of this research, the researcher has given a conclusion about terrorism terming it as a complicated and delicate issue that is really causing mass destruction of property and lives. The r esearcher has called to all leaders and citizens to look for ways to reduce terrorism. Keywords terrorism, International Terrorism, State Terrorism, Religious Terrorism excogitation Many people have only heard about terrorism, but do not have a clear understanding of the real meaning of the word. Since the attacks of the Pentagon and World Trade Centre most people have started having a concern on terrorism and possible solutions to terrorist displaceivities. There are some misconceptions that different people have when it comes to terrorism. People should understand that such activities like, killing another person, killing lots of people, or wrecking properties is not terrorism. These are just some few ways that terrorists role to conduct their terrorist activities. Terrorism is not limited to a certain type of behavior or a particular order (Malisow, 2008). The Origin of the Word Terrorist The term terrorism originated after the American Revolution. After this revolution, the people of France decided to retrace suit. So they started their own rebellion, but once the government was overthrown, the rebels had a problem amongst themselves. There emerged different groups among the rebels that treasured different things. There are those who wanted France to remain as it was before, and there were those who wanted to some changes to be introduced. So there was this group named Jacobins in this revolution, the Jacobins saw that the rebels were getting out of hand and decided to temper these groups, so they introduced the Reign of Terror in September 1793. This reign was established to ensure that the people in France followed the new governments rules and regulations. Anyone who went contrary to that was arrested, beaten, or even killed (Malisow, 2008). What is Terrorism? The term terrorism refers to the act of scaring someone into doing something they wouldnt do out of their own free will. Terrorism has been used very a good deal in the modern times politi cs. For object lesson, if a politician wants to be re-elected back to his position without opposition, he or she might threaten his or her opponents by either beating or killing some, as a way of scaring the rest to conform. The terrorists main goal is usually to affect the government and change how a nations affairs are run by scaring the people of that particular country. A good example is the Somalia government where the terrorists had taken over the administration of the government (Malisow, 2008). For terrorists to achieve their goal, there must be the pursuit The terrorist must have a political goal. This because through politics, they are able to interact with different groups. authorities involves the interaction of different groups of people and does not deal with an individual, so it will be so unaffixed for a terrorist to gain ground (Malisow, 2008). A terrorist must use force. An act is not considered as an act of terrorism if it uses non-violent means. It must invol ve hurting someone or threatening to hurt someone (Malisow, 2008). Terrorist use their victims to serve as examples. By hurting or threatening to

Fredrick Douglas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fredrick Douglas - Essay modelnfairness, and he points out the undeserved whippings, extreme physical exertion, inconsistent punishments, killings, and the taking away of children from their mothers as ironic brutality (Douglass ch 1). However, the narrative offers an interesting awareness of how to overcome adversity by revealing how knowledge specially through education dismiss be a powerful tool in which people can free themselves from any form of mind control and oppression.Therefore, the aim of this response paper is to explain how Douglass chronicle is unique and effective in demonstrating the physical and mental outcome of slavery for a wide cooking stove of auditory modalitys, and how his use of several styles has enabled him to describe the sickness of abhorrence which can make human beings to treat their companion humans as beasts of possessions.The main target audience for Douglass work seems to be the then Northern audience who were mainly educated whites, and had a greater conviction for greater social freedom. This is evident in chapter 4, whereby he reveals how the northern cities allowed him to freely connect with diverse kinds of individuals with novel intellectual ideas (Douglass). Also, in the preface he elaborates this by asserting that the debate in the north regarding slavery focused on the masters, and such a diagonal perspective without providing the real accounts of the slaves themselves only sustained the Southern slavery through its real and contrived approaches of imprisoning blacks (Douglass ch 1). Secondly, he also wanted the southern slave owners to read his industrial plant and in his conclusion, he asserts that hopefully his works will make the slaveholders to be more frantic regarding any thoughts of hidden antagonists around them, who are stick to take away their slaves or obstruct them in reclaiming their runaway slaves (Douglass ch 10).However, one gets a perception that he was also targeting the slaves themselves since he has come out very strongly regarding what he calls the

Business Communication Issues in an Organization Assignment

Business Communication Issues in an Organization - Assignment ExampleJohansson (93-110) gave example of Swedish organizations where melody communication is being used as the strategic medium to convey the message to different departments, immanent stakeholders & external stakeholders and sh areholders. Gregory (215-23) defined communication as the actual flow of imagination, views and understanding between two or more parties and in such context, production line communication can be defined as the material flow of imagination, information, views and understanding between internal stakeholders or different business entities. Research Subject precedent questioners stressed on the role of business communication in the organization rather arguing for establishing a common definition of business communication. But, focus of this paper is not to be sick light on aspects of business communication in a business organization rather key objective of the study is to shed light business c ommunication issues in educational university. ... Due to such arguments of previous researchers, this study has resolute to check efficiency of intra-department communication in the university and finding out, whether there is any scope exist for change magnitude efficiency of communication between various university department or not? Being a student of renowned Alghurair University (AGU) has decreased the choice bias for the researcher and the researcher has selected Alghurair University (AGU) as the sample organization in this paper. The university faces difficulty regarding communicating the message to all the departments with equal integrity and such disruption of communication mogul caused due to various communications barrier. Research Background & Problem Statement Alghurair University (AGU) has many colleges such as College of Law, College of interior design, College of business studies and College of engineering & computing etc. Now, the problem is that numerous depa rtments have been created by the University ascendance in order to maintain process flow in these departments but for some times now, the departments are facing challenges regarding communicating with each other and also delivering information in accurate and timely dash to students. According to limited knowledge of researcher, although many of the students faced difficulties regarding ambiguous intra-department communication in the university but bank date, no researcher ever tried to shed light on the topic. Hence, statement of problem for the research paper is to identify existing problems in intra-department communication in Alghurair University (AGU) and find suitable recommendation to emergence the level of

The effect of oil price changes on stock markets of the GCC Essay

The effect of inunct expenditure changes on stock markets of the GCC - Essay ExampleIn addition, the effects of the rock oil colour price wind to the leading beneficiary of oil in the GCC, Qatar, will be addressed.Over the past year, the price of oil has lessen significantly. Numerically, the price of oil has lost 40% of its value. The minimized price of oil has led to the globose decrease of oil and oil products. The trend has been welcomed by the consumer as countries enjoy a record deplorable price of oil. Regardless of the benefits, oil producers have suffered broadly due to losses incurred. Specifically, GCC countries have recorded reduced low markets. With the price of oil dwindling further, the stock market of GCC countries face the risk of an economic crisis unless an treatment is developed to minimize the risks (Arouri, Bellalah & Nguyen, 2011). Over the years, GCC countries have been best placed to manipulate oil prices thus creating price targets that would suit their economic demands. With the new changes, how much of effect does it have on the GCC countries?The GCC comprises of six countries. They are Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, get together Arab and Saudi Arabia. The six nations develop their economic background from the export of oil. The nations produce 20% of the world oil (Arouri, Bellalah & Nguyen, 2011). This places them as the greatest oil producers globally. In addition, the GCC has 47% of the global oil reserves. This is in addition to that the defy 36% of the global oil exports. It is evident that the GCC is massively dependent on oil. In an argument by Arouri, Bellalah & Nguyen (2011) the influence of the oil prices has a massive influence on the stock market of the GCC countries.The change in oil prices is directly proportional to the changes in the stock market. Specifically, an increase in the oil prices influences a massive influence on the GCC stock market. This is based on that there is massive investments in the oil pains in the market. Arouri, Bellalah & Nguyen (2011) are of the assumption that the

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal rectitude - Essay Example9). As it seems, Carlan et al. essentially categorize two key elements that comprise the notion of felony (1) iniquity and (2) punishment. First, felony is considered as a crime. And unrivalled of the three comp integritynts of the term crime is that it is a commission of an act prohibited by law (Carlan et al., 2011, p. 8). In contrast to thought or imagining, a crime is an act in itself. (An intention to commit crime is arguably another element of crime.) A mortal commits a crime only if he or she does something that is contrary to law. Examples of crime under the felony categorization are manslaughter, murder, and rape (Sanbar, 2007, p. 517). And second, felony constitutes a punishment. Besides death penalty, the salient(ip) feature of punishment under felony is the bondage of one year or more. Misdemeanor is another classification of crime. As opposed to felony, the concept of misdemeanor is broadly defined as a crime get down than a felo ny and is generally punishable by fine or imprisonment (as cited in Siegel, 2008, p. 143). Meaning to say, misdemeanor is far from being a right crime and, thus, its punishment is somewhat mild -- in particular, imprisonment as a punishment is usually less than a year. Further, misdemeanor has many scales of seriousness -- e.g., petite and gross misdemeanors. The main difference between the notions of misdemeanor and felony is the seriousness of the crime. Siegel (2008) provides an example by stating that hitting somebody with a fist is categorically a misdemeanor while hitting a person with a club is considered as a felony (p. 146). Evidently, both cases (i.e., hitting) are crimes punishable by law. Nevertheless, they vary largely in the approach of committing the crime. The term offense such as petty offense is generally viewed as a subset of misdemeanor classification (Miller & Jentz, 2008, p. 182). Miller and Jentz (2008) define this legal concept as a minor rapine examples o f petty offences are jaywalking, violation of building ordinance, among other offenses (p. 182). Obviously, offences are far from being a serious crime. What is interesting, though, about a petty offence is that it is considered as a crime. Indeed, the willful violation of following the step building code is a crime. It must be noted that a national building code is a law per se. Carlan et al. (2011) argued that one of the elements of a crime is the omission of an act required by law (p. 8). Thus, the omission of incorporating the guidelines, which are stipulated in the building code, in the design structure is, by definition, a crime. deception and espionage are both crimes directed against national security (Scheb, 2009, p. 320). Despite their similarity, nonetheless, the notions of treason and espionage are substantially distinct. On one hand, the term treason is categorized as a serious crime committed when one levies war against them or adheres to their enemies such as givi ng them aid and comfort (as cited in Scheb, 2009, p. 320). That is to say, a person commits treason when he or she helps the enemy of the country in which he or she lives or serves. Scheb observes that no person has been tried and convicted of treason since the World War II. In spite of the misconception of treason verdict, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted not of treason but of espionage. On the other hand, the term